Q1. There are as many ways to be a lay Buddhist, as there are people who declare themselves to be one.
Q2. Your lineage is vital. It starts with the first breath you draw when you leave the womb, and ends with the last one. It's there to be followed, or ignored, as one wishes.
Q3. Just as...
The real refuge is in the tranquility of samatha and the insight of vipassana. Your nose will be mercilessly rubbed into the three poisons, again, and again, and again, so "right concentration" is your best weapon.
I remember my refuge ceremony. It was taken alongside a small group in a Tibetan...
What you are describing is one aspect of Dukkha, which gets misleadingly translated as suffering. It's part of the doctrine of the Three Seals and is a core teaching of Buddha. Yes, there is a way past it. You will need to locate its source and relinquish it. The way to do this is anapanasati -...
There is no real consensus amongst believers as to a definition of god. So when someone is arguing for or against, then they are arguing about their definition. At the lowest level, some people have their version of god in their pockets. This 'god' conveniently agrees with their own views -...
There used to be a proposed Two State Solution, but that's just about dead in the water now. More here:
The Quiet Death of the Two-State Solution
The truth is, that by agreeing to a two state solution, the Israelis would be legitimising Palestine and would lose all claim on the Arab territories...
But states can and do enact laws:
https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/31/17623978/israel-jewish-nation-state-law-bill-explained-apartheid-netanyahu-democracy
Thoughts are the nature of stress. Stressful because we are bound to their stream and do not experience them as anatta. We take ownership of them instead of relinquishing them. Jhana breaks the bond to thoughts. You do not own your thoughts, or even the mental processes which engender them...
I think the key thing for any text is whether it enables you to practice and/or gain insight. If not, then move on. There are many doors into the dharma.
True. There are some odd parallels between Norse mythology and Tantra, which may link back to shamanism. A human body, is a human body after all and has internal energy etc.
Lack of melanin is a problem. Albinism isn't quite the same thing. I once read that characteristics evolved in two stages...
They are no more or less 'recent' than anyone else. Scandinavia was inhabited during the Neolithic (stone age). Around 11,400 BCE tribes were moving north following the glacial retreat. There was time enough for northern Europeans to shed melanin in order to avoid vitamin D deficiency, and...