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Dharmic Religions Only: Evolutionary Science and Hindu/Buddhist worldviews.

Twilight Hue

Twilight, not bright nor dark, good nor bad.
Not a single solid proof of evolution till now...still waiting...
Of course there is. Wait is over. Try gene regression for starters.

It all lies within the genetic code and yes, past evolutionary traits have been awakened which is undenible solid proof. of evoultion unless of course one prefers to still live and remain firmly in the past focusing strictly on fossil finds in denial.

Much has changed since the 40s and 60s.
 

Rick O'Shez

Irishman bouncing off walls
How or why so?

I think you could look at kamma and rebirth as a sort of individual evolution based on behaviour being wholesome or unwholesome. It's a bit like a game of snakes and ladders where individual players can go to higher or lower realms according to their actions. That doesn't look much the theory of evolution, which is about how species adapt, develop and survive.
So Kamma is about the consequences of wholesome and unwholesome behaviour, whereas natural selection is about how successfully organisms adapt to their environment. Adaptive behaviour isn't necessarily wholesome, and may well be unwholesome.
 
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sayak83

Veteran Member
Staff member
Premium Member
I think you could look at kamma and rebirth as a sort of individual evolution based on behaviour being wholesome or unwholesome. It's a bit like a game of snakes and ladders where individual players can go to higher or lower realms according to their actions. That doesn't look much the theory of evolution, which is about how species adapt, develop and survive.
So Kamma is about the consequences of wholesome and unwholesome behaviour, whereas natural selection is about how successfully organisms adapt to their environment. Adaptive behaviour isn't necessarily wholesome, and may well be unwholesome.
I think that the material flux constituted by the elements of the body follow a different trajectory and causal nexus than the psychological stream composed of the other 4 skandas. After, after death, the dhammas of the material body burn into ashes while the dhammas of the 4 psychological skandas ignite another mind-stream in some other body causally discontinuous from the body that died, maybe in another realm alltogether. The word "process dualism" has been used by some philosophers to describe this idea that the body and mind while being metaphysically alike (empty and dependently originated) are separate from each other in their causal trajectories. If this is correct then evolution pertains to aspects of the material body and its causal flux only.
 

ratikala

Istha gosthi
namaskaram Luis ji

How or why so?

agreed ''traditional Buddhist Cosmology'' hardly fits within the theory of evolution , ....Traditional Buddhism echoes Vedic cosmology , not because as is sometimes suggested that it borrowed from Vedic Culture or that it is some form of cultural accreation , it belongs in Buddhism as a higer realised Truth , ...study Buddhist or vedic cosmology without preconceptions and one comes to the simple understanding that there is more than ' This ' , more than worldliness , more than Matter and more than human perception , ..... Evolution of the spechies therefore is only one small aspect of Evolution , in this respect those who vere towards Scientific verification of reality through observation , analasis or speculation upon the nature of matter veiw only the shell of our true being Buddhist and Vedic cosmology contain a multi lateral explanation of existance , therefore those that dissmiss such knowledge merely limit their understanding to material existance .
 

sayak83

Veteran Member
Staff member
Premium Member
Namaskaram prabhu ji's

out of decency and respect to sayaK ji's request , that I try to listen to the argument in favour of Evolution , ....
Thank you. :)


Having tried to explain my thoughts earlier , Having tried to put forth the proposition that Evolutionist are concerned with the study of mater alone , ..and that as matter is all that can be found the missconception has become increasingly more common place that Matter is all that there is , ..
One of the interesting things about modern physics is that the concept that one refers to when talking about matter is becoming increasing richer in its characteristics, dimensions and capabilities. Matter is getting livelier by the decade. It is increasingly taken to mean "whatever it is that physics think is the base fundamental unit that adequately constructs a working mathematical description of phenomena." And the mathematics itself is not those old algebra or calculus but abstract mathematical structures, sets and transfinite objects. The only thing that the word "material" conjures are chaotically flying billiard balls, and the word matter no longer refers to such things for a century now.
''biological evolution as a partial material side-effect of the spiritual evolution.''...at least I am not alone in this thought, ...my only reservation to the evolutionary theorists is that having discovered only a part of the complete picture , ..have in their enthusiasm and over eagerness , my veiw filled in the missing peices with conjecture , ....
The method is consistent with what evolutionary biology is trying to do (see my OP). It is not meant to become the universal theory of everything from which all of life's ultimate truth can be derived. It is meant to tell us things like how mosquitoes are likely to evolve if we spray a lot of DDT and force them to adapt or die.

observable phenomena , being material matter , ....in which case what more needs to be done than to Catalogue material evidence , what need is ther to string together individual discoveries on a thread of conjecture ? ...how can one arrive at conclusions where matter is concerned by the use of Logic ?, ..the only correct principle would be to have no oppinion but simply to record found objects , ...having admitted that Science concerns it self with observable phenomena alone then it will allways be an incomplete
It is a presumption on your part that there are things beyond those that are observable and inferable from observations. Science neither confirms or denies such presumptions. It weighs the success of its theories only on the balance of operative success. Quantum mechanics is the most successful theory in physics because all its predictions are confirmed by experiments and its theories are directly used to create computers etc. However it is not a complete theory, and everyone knows that it is not a complete theory.
Theories of science are vital because they help us do tangible things. Prevent and cure disease, develop technology like cars, computers, internet and launch rockets to outer space. Mere cataloging of observational data provides no insight into the deep patterns that help us predict before-hand what will happen if certain conditions hold. This scientific theories do very well.


Science , the supreme Science is that revealed By Sri Krsna , and refered to in the Gita , ...

sri-bhagavan uvaca
imam vivasvate yogam
proktavan aham avyayam
vivasvan manave praha
manur iksvakave 'bravit

The Blessed Lord said: I instructed this imperishable science of yoga to the sun-god, Vivasvān, and Vivasvān instructed it to Manu, the father of mankind, and Manu in turn instructed it to Ikṣvāku.

Bhagavad Gita ..Ch ..4 V ..1

the same complete supreme Science is Contained within Vedam , ....therefore anything but the complete science must be by its very nature of its incompleteness be non authorititive
How can the Vedas be considered complete in a literal sense? It does not contain instructions about how to drive a car, fly a plane, repair a computer, write a software code in Java etc. So you will have to unpack this idea of completeness for me if you are going to use it in such a blanket manner and not restrict it to mean only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.



Agreed , ....material evidence proves only the outer casing of the being , it says nithing of the Beings inteligence or Consciousness , Vedam if studied with a pure untainted heart reveals infinatly more , ...and by pure heart I mean witout Bias of oppinion or any trace of false ego , ....
Agreed , ....but here we are speaking of the evolution of Consciousness , ...of which Evolution on a material level is a mere shadow , ..it is the empty carcas which gives us little indication of the true nature of life and little understanding of Eternality , .....
Moksha and supreme realization may be the ultimate aim of some, but 99% of people for 99% of time lives their life within the frames of dharama, artha and kama. How to get food, clothes, education, job, electricity, water, sanitation. Making all that possible requires a lot of science,technology, economics and governance. That is the realm of the physical, material world of the 5 senses and the mind and the proximate solution to the millions of problems people face and suffer everyday cannot be done without the material sciences and arts. Spirituality and philosophy of the ultimate is very important, but sustenance of the samsara that makes your continued existence possible at all should not be demeaned with such ease.
I am sorry to have disssapointed you by not reading the entire thread through , ....but to me , such topics are a deviation from the true Sadhana be that of a Buddhist or a Hindu ,
I disagree completely. i believe that a study and investigation of the sciences is a form of sadhana that is at par in efficacy (as jnana and karma yoga) with bhakti if done right.
 

kalyan

Aspiring Sri VaishNava
How can the Vedas be considered complete in a literal sense?
Because from Vedas and Sanskrit originated each and every word and each and every number. Without them you would still be an ape, but you claim you are still an ape so I don't know how to put dat. You should STOP trying so hard and try to get off that high ground which you think you are on because you are not even a grade z in terms of science, don't you think? ... Leave science for Scientists
 

ratikala

Istha gosthi
namaskaram sayaK ji
One of the interesting things about modern physics is that the concept that one refers to when talking about matter is becoming increasing richer in its characteristics, dimensions and capabilities. Matter is getting livelier by the decade. It is increasingly taken to mean "whatever it is that physics think is the base fundamental unit that adequately constructs a working mathematical description of phenomena." And the mathematics itself is not those old algebra or calculus but abstract mathematical structures, sets and transfinite objects. The only thing that the word "material" conjures are chaotically flying billiard balls, and the word matter no longer refers to such things for a century now.

The method is consistent with what evolutionary biology is trying to do (see my OP). It is not meant to become the universal theory of everything from which all of life's ultimate truth can be derived. It is meant to tell us things like how mosquitoes are likely to evolve if we spray a lot of DDT and force them to adapt or die.

if one is interestes in Mathematics then we must return to the Vedic cosmology it will confirm much that we are strugling to comprehend , ..further more it will give it in the context of Sentient existance , if Science is not aiming at universal understanding then the perfection of one science alone will bring dissharmony and imballance to life , ....

is the process of adeptation for survival all that evolution is ?

It is a presumption on your part that there are things beyond those that are observable and inferable from observations. Science neither confirms or denies such presumptions. It weighs the success of its theories only on the balance of operative success. Quantum mechanics is the most successful theory in physics because all its predictions are confirmed by experiments and its theories are directly used to create computers etc. However it is not a complete theory, and everyone knows that it is not a complete theory.

then why disscount a complete theory in favour of an incomplete theory ? ...is it that we are so fallen that we canot see the wisdom of the Veda , ....or that our egos have become so huge as to blind us to what we have infront of us ???

My only real problem with the theory of Evolution is that the Modern Secular man thinks that he being the product of evolution is an advanced spechies in respect to primitive man from which he evolved , ...As far as I am concerned it is the other way around , ...humanity is becoming steadily more depraved and self orientated , but has awarded it self acolades for observing matter , ...?

Theories of science are vital because they help us do tangible things. Prevent and cure disease, develop technology like cars, computers, internet and launch rockets to outer space. Mere cataloging of observational data provides no insight into the deep patterns that help us predict before-hand what will happen if certain conditions hold. This scientific theories do very well.

''prevent and cure diseases'' ???? ....modern life and reliance upon modern Science is the cause of more diseases than it has cured !!! ...yes it may extend the life of some , but at what cost !


I will reply to this in full this evening , ...


How can the Vedas be considered complete in a literal sense? It does not contain instructions about how to drive a car, fly a plane, repair a computer, write a software code in Java etc. So you will have to unpack this idea of completeness for me if you are going to use it in such a blanket manner and not restrict it to mean only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.

My appologies my time is limited this morning will reply indepth later , ...

but please share one amusing irony with me ...''not restrict it to mean only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' .......Prabhu ji please ''only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' ........this is the Only Truth !!!


Moksha and supreme realization may be the ultimate aim of some, but 99% of people for 99% of time lives their life within the frames of dharama, artha and kama. How to get food, clothes, education, job, electricity, water, sanitation. Making all that possible requires a lot of science,technology, economics and governance. That is the realm of the physical, material world of the 5 senses and the mind and the proximate solution to the millions of problems people face and suffer everyday cannot be done without the material sciences and arts. Spirituality and philosophy of the ultimate is very important, but sustenance of the samsara that makes your continued existence possible at all should not be demeaned with such ease.

Sorry but in my veiw the advances of Science and tecnology if they are to be taken as material advancements then attatchment to such advancement is the cause of the decline in numbers wishing for 'supreme realisation' as due to some scientific advancements we have become lazy and complacent , the Sciences of preventative medicine contained in the Ayurveda is by far mire advanced than modern medicine and needs only an understanding of the esential life forces to bring it into practice in our lives , ...Modern Medicine whilst agreed that it has its uses , has little understanding of preventative medicine , ...if it did it would Ban millions of Chemical compounds in use today , ..but as it is supported by the Chemical industries who give it Bursaries for further studies , it continues in furthering its own hypocracy , ...
and if one wants to know about ''Governance'' please read either the Ramayana , the Mahabarata or the Eight fold path , ....

I disagree completely. i believe that a study and investigation of the sciences is a form of sadhana that is at par in efficacy (as jnana and karma yoga) with bhakti if done right.

If you are talking about true Sciences , ...Vedic cosmology , Ayuraveda , etc , ...... then I agree but secular Science sadly No !

if done right prehaps but what is right if you reject Veda ?
 

kalyan

Aspiring Sri VaishNava
namaskaram sayaK ji

if one is interestes in Mathematics then we must return to the Vedic cosmology it will confirm much that we are strugling to comprehend , ..further more it will give it in the context of Sentient existance , if Science is not aiming at universal understanding then the perfection of one science alone will bring dissharmony and imballance to life , ....

is the process of adeptation for survival all that evolution is ?



then why disscount a complete theory in favour of an incomplete theory ? ...is it that we are so fallen that we canot see the wisdom of the Veda , ....or that our egos have become so huge as to blind us to what we have infront of us ???

My only real problem with the theory of Evolution is that the Modern Secular man thinks that he being the product of evolution is an advanced spechies in respect to primitive man from which he evolved , ...As far as I am concerned it is the other way around , ...humanity is becoming steadily more depraved and self orientated , but has awarded it self acolades for observing matter , ...?



''prevent and cure diseases'' ???? ....modern life and reliance upon modern Science is the cause of more diseases than it has cured !!! ...yes it may extend the life of some , but at what cost !


I will reply to this in full this evening , ...




My appologies my time is limited this morning will reply indepth later , ...

but please share one amusing irony with me ...''not restrict it to mean only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' .......Prabhu ji please ''only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' ........this is the Only Truth !!!




Sorry but in my veiw the advances of Science and tecnology if they are to be taken as material advancements then attatchment to such advancement is the cause of the decline in numbers wishing for 'supreme realisation' as due to some scientific advancements we have become lazy and complacent , the Sciences of preventative medicine contained in the Ayurveda is by far mire advanced than modern medicine and needs only an understanding of the esential life forces to bring it into practice in our lives , ...Modern Medicine whilst agreed that it has its uses , has little understanding of preventative medicine , ...if it did it would Ban millions of Chemical compounds in use today , ..but as it is supported by the Chemical industries who give it Bursaries for further studies , it continues in furthering its own hypocracy , ...
and if one wants to know about ''Governance'' please read either the Ramayana , the Mahabarata or the Eight fold path , ....



If you are talking about true Sciences , ...Vedic cosmology , Ayuraveda , etc , ...... then I agree but secular Science sadly No !

if done right prehaps but what is right if you reject Veda ?
Not to mention, Sushruta is considered as father of Medical science
 

shivsomashekhar

Well-Known Member
if one is interestes in Mathematics then we must return to the Vedic cosmology it will confirm much that we are strugling to comprehend

Can you quote a verse from any of the four Vedas to backup this statement? A single verse will do.

then why disscount a complete theory in favour of an incomplete theory ?

For lack of evidence, obviously. It is better to accept an incomplete story grounded in facts than a complete story which has no corroboration. Besides, the Christians and Muslims claim their religious theory of origins are complete as well. So there is nothing unique about this claim about completeness

...is it that we are so fallen that we canot see the wisdom of the Veda

No. Rather, we have people here who have no clue about the Veda and are imagining it be some kind of encyclopedia - which it most certainly is not. The proof for this is the simple fact that long posts about the glory of the Veda are not backed by a single reference.
 

LuisDantas

Aura of atheification
Premium Member
I think you could look at kamma and rebirth as a sort of individual evolution based on behaviour being wholesome or unwholesome. It's a bit like a game of snakes and ladders where individual players can go to higher or lower realms according to their actions. That doesn't look much the theory of evolution, which is about how species adapt, develop and survive.

Well, yes. They are indeed not much alike. IMO, they are too far unlike to be incompatible with each other.

"Evolution" is really an unfortunate choice of word for the biological theory. It leads even people who accept it but have poor understanding of it into believing that natual selection creates beings that are increasingly "better" in some objective, purposeful sense.

And IMO it is not a very proper word for the Dharmic process either, for different reasons. Kamma and rebirth and the way they connect to each other, despite very widespread wishful thinking, seem to be far more of a hindrance than a resource. They curse us all with the consequences of the mistakes commited by ourselves and those whose inheritances we acquired, and make it imperative to rise in wisdom and skill to the point of overcoming that huge weight of ballast. There is a reason why leaving the grasp of rebirths is one of our traditional highest goals.


So Kamma is about the consequences of wholesome and unwholesome behaviour, whereas natural selection is about how successfully organisms adapt to their environment. Adaptive behaviour isn't necessarily wholesome, and may well be unwholesome.

All of that is at least arguable. Kamma is both cause and consequence of the wholesomeness or lack of same of behavior - that is one reason why the doctrine talks so much of cycles and wheels. On the other hand, it is inherent to the involved concepts that adaptative behavior that is not wholesome is unavoidably inferior in efficacy to that which is wholesome, although that is often not very apparent in the short term.


namaskaram Luis ji

Namaskaram.

agreed ''traditional Buddhist Cosmology'' hardly fits within the theory of evolution , ....Traditional Buddhism echoes Vedic cosmology , not because as is sometimes suggested that it borrowed from Vedic Culture or that it is some form of cultural accreation , it belongs in Buddhism as a higher realised Truth , ...study Buddhist or vedic cosmology without preconceptions and one comes to the simple understanding that there is more than ' This ' , more than worldliness , more than Matter and more than human perception , .....

I will do without the implication that I must be either deffective or ashamed of being an atheist, if you do not mind. Or even if you do, really.

It ill fits me, you know. Nor can I in good faith refuse my perceived duty to challenge theistic assumptions when they threaten to disturb the learning of truth and proper religions practice.


Evolution of the species therefore is only one small aspect of Evolution,

I take it that you mean here that the scientific theory of evolution is an example or stance of a more abstract or cosmic principle that you are also calling Evolution. But I am not certain, since you began this post by saying that they are at odds with each other. Or maybe you just want to underscore that you think we should consider Buddhist Cosmology as so much more ambitious and realized than the biological theory? I honestly don't know.


in this respect those who vere towards Scientific verification of reality through observation , analasis or speculation upon the nature of matter view only the shell of our true being Buddhist and Vedic cosmology contain a multi lateral explanation of existance , therefore those that dissmiss such knowledge merely limit their understanding to material existance .

That is conceivable, but also awfully speculative. So speculative as to be immaterial to our discussion here, I think.


Anything in Vedas to show that? Which book, hymn, verse? Your extrapolation destroys the value of Vedas.

Sometimes I feel that we have been exposed far too much to unskilled adherents of the Abrahamic Faiths and acquired some of their misconceptions by way example.


namaskaram sayaK ji

if one is interestes in Mathematics then we must return to the Vedic cosmology it will confirm much that we are strugling to comprehend , ..further more it will give it in the context of Sentient existance , if Science is not aiming at universal understanding then the perfection of one science alone will bring dissharmony and imballance to life , ....

Science is not sentient, while people are. If there is a duty, it must be acceptd by the people, not the abstract discipline. Not sure why you feel we have such specific duties, though.

is the process of adeptation for survival all that evolution is ?

The word is used in other contexts and with other meanings, sometimes quite at odds with the biological theory. But when one talks of the Theory of Evolution in Science of Evolution it is only fair to assume that we are indeed talking about the biological theory unlesss otherwise indicated.

So the short answer to your question is "Yes, it is". Although it can change according you the exact premises that support that question, of course.


then why disscount a complete theory in favour of an incomplete theory ?

It is likely that you are failing to notice what is meant by "theory" in science here. Because otherwise this question makes little to no sense.

Science is not about betting on the most impressive and poetical model. It is rather about formulating falseable hypothesis, confronting them with the observable facts, and then deciding whether there is any truth to those hypothesis or whether they should be discarded.

It is a deliberately self-limiting approach that, while perhaps not as fulfilling to people who look for awe and inspiration over reliability of certainties, nonetheless makes a whole lot of sense and protects us all from dangerous assumptions and serious mistakes.


...is it that we are so fallen that we canot see the wisdom of the Veda , ....or that our egos have become so huge as to blind us to what we have infront of us ???

Probably not. Ego tends to assume itself to be connected to higher truths from the start, you know.


My only real problem with the theory of Evolution is that the Modern Secular man thinks that he being the product of evolution is an advanced species in respect to primitive man from which he evolved , ...As far as I am concerned it is the other way around , ...humanity is becoming steadily more depraved and self orientated , but has awarded it self acolades for observing matter , ...?

While perhaps a valid and important criticism, this does not really connect to the Theory of Evolution, but rather to a gross if common caricatural misunderstanding of it.

''prevent and cure diseases'' ???? ....modern life and reliance upon modern Science is the cause of more diseases than it has cured !!! ...yes it may extend the life of some , but at what cost !

It seems to me that you are conflating scientific knowledge with lack of wisdom here. Again, that is a seriously misleading and unadvisable fusion of concepts that are not really very similar at all.

(...)

but please share one amusing irony with me ...''not restrict it to mean only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' .......Prabhu ji please ''only transcendental truths regarding relation of the self with Brahman.'' ........this is the Only Truth !!!
Not sure what you mean here. At first glance it feels like some sort of appeal to keep true to awe for awe's sake. I really don't know.

A Dharmi should not feel any unease at doing his or her best to skillfully understand and deal with the world as it manifests towards us all. Fear of learning better is not a virtue by any means.


Sorry but in my view the advances of Science and tecnology if they are to be taken as material advancements then attatchment to such advancement is the cause of the decline in numbers wishing for 'supreme realisation' as due to some scientific advancements we have become lazy and complacent , the Sciences of preventative medicine contained in the Ayurveda is by far mire advanced than modern medicine and needs only an understanding of the esential life forces to bring it into practice in our lives , ...Modern Medicine whilst agreed that it has its uses , has little understanding of preventative medicine , ...if it did it would Ban millions of Chemical compounds in use today , ..but as it is supported by the Chemical industries who give it Bursaries for further studies , it continues in furthering its own hypocracy , ...
and if one wants to know about ''Governance'' please read either the Ramayana , the Mahabarata or the Eight fold path , ....

This, I suppose must be considered a situation of misassignment of blame, or perhaps of simple abuse of the purpose and scope of religious texts. There is little else to conclude from this paragraph.


If you are talking about true Sciences , ...Vedic cosmology , Ayuraveda , etc , ...... then I agree but secular Science sadly No !

if done right prehaps but what is right if you reject Veda ?

I have to wonder how you came to these concepts of "true" and "secular" sciences, as well as what you mean by "rejection" of the Vedas.
 

kalyan

Aspiring Sri VaishNava
I think you could look at kamma and rebirth as a sort of individual evolution based on behaviour being wholesome or unwholesome. It's a bit like a game of snakes and ladders where individual players can go to higher or lower realms according to their actions. That doesn't look much the theory of evolution, which is about how species adapt, develop and survive.
So Kamma is about the consequences of wholesome and unwholesome behaviour, whereas natural selection is about how successfully organisms adapt to their environment. Adaptive behaviour isn't necessarily wholesome, and may well be unwholesome.
Nice.....:) Thanks for clearing the Buddhist position, this is what I was looking for. :clapping:
 

निताइ dasa

Nitai's servant's servant
There is a verse, in the commentary on the Rg Veda by the commentator Sayana (14th century) who managed to calculate the speed of light using Bhaskaracharya's formulas. He specifically makes the comment:

"tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane ekena nimishardhena kramaman."

This basically translates to, "It is remembered that [light] travels traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha"

The conversion of these units which is found in Mahabharata and Visnu Purana (and BG) gives 2202 Yojanas as approximately 20016.18 miles and half a nimisha as 0.1056 seconds. This is in accordance with Bhaskaracharya's conversions in his work (give or take a few units). The source is here

This gives the calculation of the speed of light to approximately 189547 miles per second. As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second. Now looking at the huge similarity between these values, I am still amazed at how Sayana was able to measure the estimate to the speed of light to even round about a modern value, centuries before the 'western discovery". Or even the fact that he knew that light "had a speed"? (back the light was something that was not understood by western scientists").

Such scientific gems are found all throughout the Puranas and Upanisads. Srimad Bhagavatam itself is filled with such statements. It contains very very advance scientific concepts like time dilation (i.e the time on the "higher planets" go slower than time on earth), atomic time calculation (Bhagavatam says time is calculted by the movement of atoms , which is exactly how atomic time in measure today, by the transitioning of the caesium atom over a period of time), embryology (Bhagavatam contains an intricate and detailed description of the development of the embryo in the womb from fertilization to formations of limbs)

Even the Vedic word for the earth is called "Bhugola" (as Kalyanji pointed out) with "gola"' meaning "sphere" so the ancient Indians knew that the earth was spherical when the rest of the world thought it was flat. For a text that ancient I am constantly surprised by the level of knowledge it contains that is scientifically verifiable. This is perhaps one of the reasons why I trust the Bhagavatam when it come to the matter of creation.
 
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shivsomashekhar

Well-Known Member
There is a verse, in the commentary on the Rg Veda by the commentator Sayana (14th century) who managed to calculate the speed of light using Bhaskaracharya's formulas. He specifically makes the comment:

"tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane ekena nimishardhena kramaman."

The Rig Vedic verse in question is, 1.50.4 (1.50 is a hymn on Surya), which praises the Sun as the maker of light and illuminating everything with its radiance. It is important to note that there are no numbers or measurements in the verse.

In his commentary, Sayana (14th Century CE), he has specified the speed of the sun in Yojanas. I am not seeing anything said about light in his commentary on this verse. Besides, Sayana knowing the speed of Sun should not come as any surprise. Since at least a thousand years before his time, we had astronomers in India who could chart the movements of the Sun, moon and visible planets with reasonable accuracy. The Indians derived their initial knowledge of astronomy from the Greeks who derived theirs from the Babylonians who derived it from the Sumerians.

Such scientific gems are found all throughout the Puranas and Upanisads. Srimad Bhagavatam itself is filled with such statements. It contains very very advance scientific concepts like time dilation (i.e the time on the "higher planets" go slower than time on earth), atomic time calculation (Bhagavatam says time is calculted by the movement of atoms , which is exactly how atomic time in measure today, by the transitioning of the caesium atom over a period of time), embryology (Bhagavatam contains an intricate and detailed description of the development of the embryo in the womb from fertilization to formations of limbs)

Since the claim by some people on this thread was that the Veda teaches Math, I would really love to see some proof from one of the four Vedas. Do you have the specific verses for the Bhagavatam discussing time?

Even the Vedic word for the earth is called "Bhugola" (as Kalyanji pointed out) with "gola"' meaning "sphere" so the ancient Indians knew that the earth was spherical when the rest of the world thought it was flat. For a text that ancient I am constantly surprised by the level of knowledge it contains that is scientifically verifiable. This is perhaps one of the reasons why I trust the Bhagavatam when it come to the matter of creation.

What is the earliest reference to the usage of the word bhu-gola?

I am not aware of any of the Vedas describing the earth as a sphere. The conception of the earth in the Puranas was that of a disc with Mount Meru in the center, surrounded by concentric circles. I recall, the Bhagavatam saying something very similar. AryaBhatta (4th Century CE) and others may have described the shape of the earth correctly, but I do not know when religious texts (if any) adopted this information, but it would have to be after the time of Arya Bhatta/Gupta Period.
 

निताइ dasa

Nitai's servant's servant
he has specified the speed of the sun in Yojanas. I am not seeing anything said about light in his commentary on this verse.

Actually he is specifying the speed of light. Your objection is common, but his commentary says specifically "tatha ca smaryate" or "it is remembered here" and since the Rg Veda verse in question is specifically glorifying the light aspect of the sun (it brightens the sky, and travels very fast), it is reasonable assumption to make that Sayana is speaking about light here.

The Indians derived their initial knowledge of astronomy from the Greeks who derived theirs from the Babylonians who derived it from the Sumerians.

I would disagree with that statement. Many ideas and knowledge that the Greeks first had came from India (when Alexander the Great established trade routes between the two countries ). One of these is the Pythagoras theorm which is attributed to Pythagoras but yet was first mentioned 300-400 years in the Baudhayana Sutras of Taittiriya branch of the Krishna Yajurveda (dated by historians to be compiled 7 to 8 century BCE ). The sutras itself state many advanced mathematical ideas like Pythagoras theorem and also an approximation of the root of 2. The exact text is is below and is an example of mathematics in the Vedas:

dīrghachatursrasyākṣaṇayā rajjuḥ pārśvamānī, tiryagmānī,
cha yatpṛthagbhūte kurutastadubhayāṅ karoti.


"A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together." (this is essentially Pythagoras' theorem)

Copying the the rest directly from Wiki:

Baudhāyana sutra .61-2 gives the length of the diagonal of a square in terms of its sides, which is equivalent to a formula for the square root of 2:
samasya dvikaraṇī. pramāṇaṃ tṛtīyena vardhayet
tac caturthenātmacatustriṃśonena saviśeṣaḥ


"The diagonal [lit. "doubler"] of a square. The measure is to be increased by a third and by a fourth decreased by the 34th. That is its diagonal approximately"
That is,

43487318b5dfa1169cfa7801128a2213.png

which is correct to five decimals

Other theorems include: diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles, area of a square formed by joining the middle points of a square is half of original, the midpoints of a rectangle joined forms a rhombus whose area is half the rectangle, etc."

So there is the proof that Shivji requires of Mathematics in the Vedas. Even Pythagoras therem was known by the Veda before Pythagoras himself!

Besides, Sayana knowing the speed of Sun should not come as any surprise.

He knew the speed of light! Even if we interpret is your way, the light interpretation is stronger simply because his estimates match very closely to modern estimates. There is no way that it is possible for a culture at that time (when westerners thought that light didn't even have a speed!) to do know that. This for me is proof that the Vedas can also speak confidently about material claims and be verified by science.

What is the earliest reference to the usage of the word bhu-gola?

I am not aware of any of the Vedas describing the earth as a sphere. The conception of the earth in the Puranas was that of a disc with Mount Meru in the center, surrounded by concentric circles. I recall, the Bhagavatam saying something very similar. AryaBhatta (4th Century CE) and others may have described the shape of the earth correctly, but I do not know when religious texts (if any) adopted this information, but it would have to be after the time of Arya Bhatta/Gupta Period.

I am afraid the Vedas claim that from the start. The Aitareya Brahmana (3.44) declares:

"The Sun does never set nor rise. When people think the Sun is setting it is not so. For after having arrived at the end of the day it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making night to what is below and day to what is on the other side. Having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below and night to what is on the other side. In fact, the Sun never sets."

No this does not specifically say the earth is spherical, but advanced astronomical concepts are mentioned, and it is implied heavily here of earth's spherical nature (otherwise I would it ta'k about the opposite effects)? As for the term Bhu Gola, I shall have to search the Vedas, I think I did see the verse in Rg Veda that mentioned "Bhugolam". I am certain the Bhagavatam also used the word Bhugolam to refer to earth. However the former evidence I provided stands. As for the Puranic conception, representing Jambhudwipa as a series of concentric circles refers to our solar system with each circle being a set of planetary systems. This article gives a very in depth analysis of those verses of the Bhagavatam using the knowledge given in Surya Siddhanta. It is long, but worth the read.

Do you have the specific verses for the Bhagavatam discussing time?

Yes I will post a few here:

evaṁ kālo ’py anumitaḥ
saukṣmye sthaulye ca sattama
saṁsthāna-bhuktyā bhagavān
avyakto vyakta-bhug vibhuḥ
.
"One can estimate time by measuring the movement of the atomic combination of bodies. Time is the potency of the almighty Personality of Godhead, Hari, who controls all physical movement although He is not visible in the physical world." (SB 3.11.3)

kalalaṁ tv eka-rātreṇa
 pañca-rātreṇa budbudam
daśāhena tu karkandhūḥ
 peśy aṇḍaṁ vā tataḥ param


(Lord Kapila said): On the first night, the sperm and ovum mix, and on the fifth night the mixture ferments into a bubble. On the tenth night it develops into a form like a plum, and after that, it gradually turns into a lump of flesh or an egg, as the case may be.


māsena tu śiro dvābhyāṁ
 bāhv-aṅghry-ādy-aṅga-vigrahaḥ
nakha-lomāsthi-carmāṇi
 liṅga-cchidrodbhavas tribhiḥ


"In the course of a month, a head is formed, and at the end of two months the hands, feet and other limbs take shape. By the end of three months, the nails, fingers, toes, body hair, bones and skin appear, as do the organ of generation and the other apertures in the body, namely the eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth and anus." (SB 3.31.1-2)

Now as a biology student, I must point out that this version of events in the Bhagavatam fully support and are verified by modern day embrology. The rapid division of the cells from the moment of conception (and subsequent formation of the Blastocyst) does make it look like a bubble (due to it being multicelluar and a hollow inside, like a bubble, see below image). The formation of the limbs etc also are on point (though modern embryology is more specific here).

Even the Bhagavatam's calculation of Kalpa dates the age of the universe to be billions of years (9 billion if I remember while the modern estimate is 13.7 billion), while societies at that time thought earth was only millions or even thousands of years old.


jj_blastocyst.jpg
 
Last edited:

kalyan

Aspiring Sri VaishNava
Actually he is specifying the speed of light. Your objection is common, but his commentary says specifically "tatha ca smaryate" or "it is remembered here" and since the Rg Veda verse in question is specifically glorifying the light aspect of the sun (it brightens the sky, and travels very fast), it is reasonable assumption to make that Sayana is speaking about light here.



I would disagree with that statement. Many ideas and knowledge that the Greeks first had came from India (when Alexander the Great established trade routes between the two countries ). One of these is the Pythagoras theorm which is attributed to Pythagoras but yet was first mentioned 300-400 years in the Baudhayana Sutras of Taittiriya branch of the Krishna Yajurveda (dated by historians to be compiled 7 to 8 century BCE ). The sutras itself state many advanced mathematical ideas like Pythagoras theorem and also an approximation of the root of 2. The exact text is is below and is an example of mathematics in the Vedas:

dīrghachatursrasyākṣaṇayā rajjuḥ pārśvamānī, tiryagmānī,
cha yatpṛthagbhūte kurutastadubhayāṅ karoti.


"A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together." (this is essentially Pythagoras' theorem)

Copying the the rest directly from Wiki:

Baudhāyana sutra .61-2 gives the length of the diagonal of a square in terms of its sides, which is equivalent to a formula for the square root of 2:
samasya dvikaraṇī. pramāṇaṃ tṛtīyena vardhayet
tac caturthenātmacatustriṃśonena saviśeṣaḥ


"The diagonal [lit. "doubler"] of a square. The measure is to be increased by a third and by a fourth decreased by the 34th. That is its diagonal approximately"
That is,

43487318b5dfa1169cfa7801128a2213.png

which is correct to five decimals

Other theorems include: diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles, area of a square formed by joining the middle points of a square is half of original, the midpoints of a rectangle joined forms a rhombus whose area is half the rectangle, etc."

So there is the proof that Shivji requires of Mathematics in the Vedas. Even Pythagoras therem was known by the Veda before Pythagoras himself!



He knew the speed of light! Even if we interpret is your way, the light interpretation is stronger simply because his estimates match very closely to modern estimates. There is no way that it is possible for a culture at that time (when westerners thought that light didn't even have a speed!) to do know that. This for me is proof that the Vedas can also speak confidently about material claims and be verified by science.



I am afraid the Vedas claim that from the start. The Aitareya Brahmana (3.44) declares:

"The Sun does never set nor rise. When people think the Sun is setting it is not so. For after having arrived at the end of the day it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making night to what is below and day to what is on the other side. Having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below and night to what is on the other side. In fact, the Sun never sets."

No this does not specifically say the earth is spherical, but advanced astronomical concepts are mentioned, and it is implied heavily here of earth's spherical nature (otherwise I would it ta'k about the opposite effects)? As for the term Bhu Gola, I shall have to search the Vedas, I think I did see the verse in Rg Veda that mentioned "Bhugolam". I am certain the Bhagavatam also used the word Bhugolam to refer to earth. However the former evidence I provided stands. As for the Puranic conception, representing Jambhudwipa as a series of concentric circles refers to our solar system with each circle being a set of planetary systems. This article gives a very in depth analysis of those verses of the Bhagavatam using the knowledge given in Surya Siddhanta. It is long, but worth the read.



Yes I will post a few here:

evaṁ kālo ’py anumitaḥ
saukṣmye sthaulye ca sattama
saṁsthāna-bhuktyā bhagavān
avyakto vyakta-bhug vibhuḥ
.
"One can estimate time by measuring the movement of the atomic combination of bodies. Time is the potency of the almighty Personality of Godhead, Hari, who controls all physical movement although He is not visible in the physical world." (SB 3.11.3)

kalalaṁ tv eka-rātreṇa
 pañca-rātreṇa budbudam
daśāhena tu karkandhūḥ
 peśy aṇḍaṁ vā tataḥ param


(Lord Kapila said): On the first night, the sperm and ovum mix, and on the fifth night the mixture ferments into a bubble. On the tenth night it develops into a form like a plum, and after that, it gradually turns into a lump of flesh or an egg, as the case may be.


māsena tu śiro dvābhyāṁ
 bāhv-aṅghry-ādy-aṅga-vigrahaḥ
nakha-lomāsthi-carmāṇi
 liṅga-cchidrodbhavas tribhiḥ


"In the course of a month, a head is formed, and at the end of two months the hands, feet and other limbs take shape. By the end of three months, the nails, fingers, toes, body hair, bones and skin appear, as do the organ of generation and the other apertures in the body, namely the eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth and anus." (SB 3.31.1-2)

Now as a biology student, I must point out that this version of events in the Bhagavatam fully support and are verified by modern day embrology. The rapid division of the cells from the moment of conception (and subsequent formation of the Blastocyst) does make it look like a bubble (due to it being multicelluar and a hollow inside, like a bubble, see below image). The formation of the limbs etc also are on point (though modern embryology is more specific here).

Even the Bhagavatam's calculation of Kalpa dates the age of the universe to be billions of years (9 billion if I remember while the modern estimate is 13.7 billion), while societies at that time thought earth was only millions or even thousands of years old.


jj_blastocyst.jpg
I think he is just playing around or he has ZERO knowledge of history. Anyone who has atleast a least bit of familiarity with the Indian/Bhaaratiya spiritual history knows that Vedam is the cause of Universe and every language and every concept came from brilliant Vedam. Vedam is NOT a book and it does not have any Language to begin with.....

---Slave of Chinna Jeeyar Swamy
 

sayak83

Veteran Member
Staff member
Premium Member
Actually he is specifying the speed of light. Your objection is common, but his commentary says specifically "tatha ca smaryate" or "it is remembered here" and since the Rg Veda verse in question is specifically glorifying the light aspect of the sun (it brightens the sky, and travels very fast), it is reasonable assumption to make that Sayana is speaking about light here.



I would disagree with that statement. Many ideas and knowledge that the Greeks first had came from India (when Alexander the Great established trade routes between the two countries ). One of these is the Pythagoras theorm which is attributed to Pythagoras but yet was first mentioned 300-400 years in the Baudhayana Sutras of Taittiriya branch of the Krishna Yajurveda (dated by historians to be compiled 7 to 8 century BCE ). The sutras itself state many advanced mathematical ideas like Pythagoras theorem and also an approximation of the root of 2. The exact text is is below and is an example of mathematics in the Vedas:

dīrghachatursrasyākṣaṇayā rajjuḥ pārśvamānī, tiryagmānī,
cha yatpṛthagbhūte kurutastadubhayāṅ karoti.


"A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together." (this is essentially Pythagoras' theorem)

Copying the the rest directly from Wiki:

Baudhāyana sutra .61-2 gives the length of the diagonal of a square in terms of its sides, which is equivalent to a formula for the square root of 2:
samasya dvikaraṇī. pramāṇaṃ tṛtīyena vardhayet
tac caturthenātmacatustriṃśonena saviśeṣaḥ


"The diagonal [lit. "doubler"] of a square. The measure is to be increased by a third and by a fourth decreased by the 34th. That is its diagonal approximately"
That is,

43487318b5dfa1169cfa7801128a2213.png

which is correct to five decimals

Other theorems include: diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles, area of a square formed by joining the middle points of a square is half of original, the midpoints of a rectangle joined forms a rhombus whose area is half the rectangle, etc."

So there is the proof that Shivji requires of Mathematics in the Vedas. Even Pythagoras therem was known by the Veda before Pythagoras himself!



He knew the speed of light! Even if we interpret is your way, the light interpretation is stronger simply because his estimates match very closely to modern estimates. There is no way that it is possible for a culture at that time (when westerners thought that light didn't even have a speed!) to do know that. This for me is proof that the Vedas can also speak confidently about material claims and be verified by science.



I am afraid the Vedas claim that from the start. The Aitareya Brahmana (3.44) declares:

"The Sun does never set nor rise. When people think the Sun is setting it is not so. For after having arrived at the end of the day it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making night to what is below and day to what is on the other side. Having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below and night to what is on the other side. In fact, the Sun never sets."

No this does not specifically say the earth is spherical, but advanced astronomical concepts are mentioned, and it is implied heavily here of earth's spherical nature (otherwise I would it ta'k about the opposite effects)? As for the term Bhu Gola, I shall have to search the Vedas, I think I did see the verse in Rg Veda that mentioned "Bhugolam". I am certain the Bhagavatam also used the word Bhugolam to refer to earth. However the former evidence I provided stands. As for the Puranic conception, representing Jambhudwipa as a series of concentric circles refers to our solar system with each circle being a set of planetary systems. This article gives a very in depth analysis of those verses of the Bhagavatam using the knowledge given in Surya Siddhanta. It is long, but worth the read.



Yes I will post a few here:

evaṁ kālo ’py anumitaḥ
saukṣmye sthaulye ca sattama
saṁsthāna-bhuktyā bhagavān
avyakto vyakta-bhug vibhuḥ
.
"One can estimate time by measuring the movement of the atomic combination of bodies. Time is the potency of the almighty Personality of Godhead, Hari, who controls all physical movement although He is not visible in the physical world." (SB 3.11.3)

kalalaṁ tv eka-rātreṇa
 pañca-rātreṇa budbudam
daśāhena tu karkandhūḥ
 peśy aṇḍaṁ vā tataḥ param


(Lord Kapila said): On the first night, the sperm and ovum mix, and on the fifth night the mixture ferments into a bubble. On the tenth night it develops into a form like a plum, and after that, it gradually turns into a lump of flesh or an egg, as the case may be.


māsena tu śiro dvābhyāṁ
 bāhv-aṅghry-ādy-aṅga-vigrahaḥ
nakha-lomāsthi-carmāṇi
 liṅga-cchidrodbhavas tribhiḥ


"In the course of a month, a head is formed, and at the end of two months the hands, feet and other limbs take shape. By the end of three months, the nails, fingers, toes, body hair, bones and skin appear, as do the organ of generation and the other apertures in the body, namely the eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth and anus." (SB 3.31.1-2)

Now as a biology student, I must point out that this version of events in the Bhagavatam fully support and are verified by modern day embrology. The rapid division of the cells from the moment of conception (and subsequent formation of the Blastocyst) does make it look like a bubble (due to it being multicelluar and a hollow inside, like a bubble, see below image). The formation of the limbs etc also are on point (though modern embryology is more specific here).

Even the Bhagavatam's calculation of Kalpa dates the age of the universe to be billions of years (9 billion if I remember while the modern estimate is 13.7 billion), while societies at that time thought earth was only millions or even thousands of years old.


jj_blastocyst.jpg

1)What is called the Pythagoras theorem was known widely in antiquity by Egyptians, Sumerians and Babylonians. The ancient exposition is found in the Babylonian tablets that are dated to 1900 BCE-1600 BCE, before the time of most of even the Rig Veda. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Babylonian_Pythagoras.html
Pythogoras is not credited with the mere ability to measure the length of a diagonal given the sides (known for 2000 years before him ) but a formal mathematical proof showing why the diagonal has to have that relation of length with the other sides. This proof is credited to Pythagoras by the Greeks (without much by the way of evidence I may add) The fact remains that whereever in the world archaelogists unearth the earliest date-able historical writing , you find Pythagoras theorem mentioned in some-way or the other. This book (chapter 1 is readable all way) provides the historical overview of the theorem, and you see that no culture can claim to have been the first inventors of how to calculate the diagonals.
https://books.google.com/books?id=fH****SrfysC&source=gbs_navlinks_s

2) Your analysis of spherical earth is unconvincing. It is always a problem for a flat earth cosmology as to what is happening to the sun and the moon. Most believed that there were realms in the underworld/beneath oceans where the sun goes and it becomes day there.

3) The atomic theory comes from Vaisesika which either predates or is contemporaneous with the writers of Bhagavatum (according to history). The atomic theory of Kanada is good, but obviously the atomic sciences of modern physics have progressed far far beyond that.

4) Once again, fetal development upto this level was known throughout antiquity by the time that Bhagavat Purana was composed. The ayurvedic texts predate Bhagavata Purana whose time of composition according to historians is at most 4th century CE. In the case of fetal development the primary work is Susruta Samhita (400BCE-100 CE), whose authors were clearly practicing doctors who did surgeries and gained extensive knowledge about the human body. The earliest Susrata was appx. a contemporary of Hippocrates and clearly as good a physician. Hippocrates (and his school) too did a lot of excellent medical work and their embryology is as detailed at about the same time. We know they are independent because the descriptions an the theoretical terms all differ. This book below provides a brief overview of Susruta's work before going into Hippocratic and Aristotelian tradition. (Chapter 1).
https://books.google.com/books?id=rRZEBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

As it can be seen, Greek knowledge was at least as detailed as Indian (and probably this is true for Persians as well, no text survives). I am very interested to know how the science of medicine developed in India through the works of Charaka, Susruta and later physicians and how it compares to the Greco-Roman practice through Hippocrates-Aristotle-Galen. But to say that the Indian sciences of astronomy, medicine, biology, metallurgy as practiced in the ancient world was not discovered and invented by expert Indian scholars of the classical scientific tradition and is rather received as revelation from the Vedas, is ridiculous and demean their path-breaking work. Their works and contributions were excellent for their times (and this fact is true for other independent discoverers from other civilizations as well) and while current science of medicine is continuous with them, once again modern understanding of embroyological growth far outstrips the knowledge the early practitioners had . Any textbook on human embroyology when compared to Susruta Samhita will amply confirm this.

5) It is certainly true that only the Indian philosophers believed in a very ancient world that goes through repeated cycles over eons stretching billions of years. It is to be noted however that both Aristotle and Plato believed that the world was eternal and the dates given refer to merely the rise of the "current" civilization within an eternal world. But Indians got to that idea first.

The point I am making:-
1) Was Indian science and philosophy well developed relative to the standards of the ancient world. Yes
2) Is it important to know and learn about it. yes
3) Does it all come as revelations from scripture. No, certainly not.
4) Are their insights into sciences superior/extensive/complete than modern science? Certainly not.
 

kalyan

Aspiring Sri VaishNava
1)What is called the Pythagoras theorem was known widely in antiquity by Egyptians, Sumerians and Babylonians. The ancient exposition is found in the Babylonian tablets that are dated to 1900 BCE-1600 BCE, before the time of most of even the Rig Veda. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Babylonian_Pythagoras.html
Pythogoras is not credited with the mere ability to measure the length of a diagonal given the sides (known for 2000 years before him ) but a formal mathematical proof showing why the diagonal has to have that relation of length with the other sides. This proof is credited to Pythagoras by the Greeks (without much by the way of evidence I may add) The fact remains that whereever in the world archaelogists unearth the earliest date-able historical writing , you find Pythagoras theorem mentioned in some-way or the other. This book (chapter 1 is readable all way) provides the historical overview of the theorem, and you see that no culture can claim to have been the first inventors of how to calculate the diagonals.
https://books.google.com/books?id=fH****SrfysC&source=gbs_navlinks_s

2) Your analysis of spherical earth is unconvincing. It is always a problem for a flat earth cosmology as to what is happening to the sun and the moon. Most believed that there were realms in the underworld/beneath oceans where the sun goes and it becomes day there.

3) The atomic theory comes from Vaisesika which either predates or is contemporaneous with the writers of Bhagavatum (according to history). The atomic theory of Kanada is good, but obviously the atomic sciences of modern physics have progressed far far beyond that.

4) Once again, fetal development upto this level was known throughout antiquity by the time that Bhagavat Purana was composed. The ayurvedic texts predate Bhagavata Purana whose time of composition according to historians is at most 4th century CE. In the case of fetal development the primary work is Susruta Samhita (400BCE-100 CE), whose authors were clearly practicing doctors who did surgeries and gained extensive knowledge about the human body. The earliest Susrata was appx. a contemporary of Hippocrates and clearly as good a physician. Hippocrates (and his school) too did a lot of excellent medical work and their embryology is as detailed at about the same time. We know they are independent because the descriptions an the theoretical terms all differ. This book below provides a brief overview of Susruta's work before going into Hippocratic and Aristotelian tradition. (Chapter 1).
https://books.google.com/books?id=rRZEBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

As it can be seen, Greek knowledge was at least as detailed as Indian (and probably this is true for Persians as well, no text survives). I am very interested to know how the science of medicine developed in India through the works of Charaka, Susruta and later physicians and how it compares to the Greco-Roman practice through Hippocrates-Aristotle-Galen. But to say that the Indian sciences of astronomy, medicine, biology, metallurgy as practiced in the ancient world was not discovered and invented by expert Indian scholars of the classical scientific tradition and is rather received as revelation from the Vedas, is ridiculous and demean their path-breaking work. Their works and contributions were excellent for their times (and this fact is true for other independent discoverers from other civilizations as well) and while current science of medicine is continuous with them, once again modern understanding of embroyological growth far outstrips the knowledge the early practitioners had . Any textbook on human embroyology when compared to Susruta Samhita will amply confirm this.

5) It is certainly true that only the Indian philosophers believed in a very ancient world that goes through repeated cycles over eons stretching billions of years. It is to be noted however that both Aristotle and Plato believed that the world was eternal and the dates given refer to merely the rise of the "current" civilization within an eternal world. But Indians got to that idea first.

The point I am making:-
1) Was Indian science and philosophy well developed relative to the standards of the ancient world. Yes
2) Is it important to know and learn about it. yes
3) Does it all come as revelations from scripture. No, certainly not.
4) Are their insights into sciences superior/extensive/complete than modern science? Certainly not.
First you NEED to work upon your dates, your boot licking of western ideology and the dates borrowed from wiki are not helping you either.
Sulba Sutras provide numerical proof and so are the works of Āpastamba.
The Sulbasutras contain the geometry necessary for construction of the vedi and the agni for the obligatory and votive rites. These in turn are a part of the Kalpasutras , which are attached to the Vedas as one of the six V dangas or limbs of the Vedas. It is likely that the Sulbasutra sections were a part of the Srautasutras of the Yajur Veda, the Veda designed for the performance of sacrifices.

The three most primitive agni, Garhapatya, Aavaniya and Daksinagni, are older than the Rg Veda and the Mahavedi was likely known to the Indus Valley civilisation. The Sulbasutras deal with the correct construction of the vedi and agni including orientation, size, shape and areas and, as such, they are not meant as mathematical theorems or proofs. The geometry in the Sulbasutras can be categorised into that which expressly states theorems, constructions and implicit geometrical truths contained in constructions.

In the Yajur Veda and the Satapath Brahmana, 36 units is the length of the east-west line or praci or line of symmetry or prsthya of the Mahavedi and 30 units as one of the north-south lines. The praci and half the side make the sides containing the right angle in the triangle with sides 36, 15, and 39 units. There is a possibility that this theorem was known even earlier by the construction of the three agni, Garhapatya, Ahavaniya and Daksina. Other rational right triangles as well as the irrational right triangle 1,1 √2 and approximate right triangles are also mentioned in theSulbasutras (Amma 17-18).

There are several Vedic proofs for this theorem which are all fairly simple :

Proof I
The square AE = the square KG and the four congruent right-angled triangles all around it.

The areas are c2, (b-a)2 and 4( ½ ab) respectively.

So c2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 + 4( ½ ab) = a2 + b2

Proof I

Proof II
Construction:

CD = AB = m; DE = BC = n

So, ABC and CDE are congruent and ACE is a right-angled isosceles.

The trapezium ABDE = ABC + CDE + ACE

So ½ mn + ½ h2 + ½ mn = ½ (m + n) = ½ m2 + mn + ½ n2

So, ½ h2 = ½ m2 + ½ n2

So, h2 = m2 + n2

Proof II

Proof III
AE = BF = CG = DH = m and EB = FC = GD = HA = n

The square AC = the square EG + the four congruent right-angled triangles around it.

So, h2 + 4 (½ mn) = (m + n)2 = m2 + 2mn + n2

So, h2 = m2 + n2

Proof III

Proof IV
BD is perpendicular to AC.

So, triangles ABC, ABD and BCD are similar.

So, AB2/AC2 = ADB/ABC and BC2/AC2 = BCD/ABC

So, (AB2 + BC2)/AC2 = (ADB + BCD)/ABC = ABC/ABC = 1

So, AB2 + BC2 = AC2

Proof IV

Proof V
Using coordinates, the distance between point A at (a,0) and point B at (0,b) is:

BA = √ [(a – 0)2 + (0 – b)2] = √ (a2 + b2).


Following are a selection of constructions given in the Sulbasutras (Amma 23-46).


i) Drawing two perpendicular diameters in a circle in Baudhayana’s recipe for drawing a square.

Drawing a line one fixes a pin at its middle. Slipping the end ties on to this pin, one draws a circle with the mark (the middle of the cord) and fixes pins at the ends of the diameter. With the end-tie on the eastern pin one draws a circle with the whole cord. Similarly at the western pin. The second diameter should be stretched through the points where these (circles) intersect.

This method is well known in later Indian mathematics as the ‘fish’ method due to its shape.

'Fish' Method

ii) The construction of a square with a given side results in a beautiful geometrical pattern.

Wishing to construct a square one should make ties at both ends of a string as long as the desired side and make a mark at its middle. One should draw a line and fix a pin at its middle. Fixing the ties on this pin one should draw a circle by the middle mark (of the cord) and at the ends of the diameter (formed by the praci) one should fix pins. Fixing one tie on the eastern pin one should draw a circle with the other tie. Similarly round the western pin. Through the points where they meet the second diameter should be drawn and pins should be fixed at this end. With the ties on the eastern pin a circle is to be drawn with the middle mark. Similarly round the southern, western and northern (pins). Their outer points of intersection form the square.

This method is found in the Baudhayana Sulbasutra.

Transformation of Figures
Different shapes were prescribed for the fire-altars depending on the benefit sought: the falcon or syenacit for attaining heaven, the isosceles triangle or praugacit for destroying enemies etc. However, the shapes had to have the same area of 7 ½ square purusas and therefore the Sulbasutras described different methods of changing the shapes of figures while retaining the same areas.


To convert a square into a circle
The Sulbasutras give an approximate construction, which results in a value of π of 3.088. Whether or not it was known at the time that this method indeed results in an approximation is not known.

If a is the side of the square and r the radius of the circle then r = a(2 + Ö2)/6.

If a = 1, then the area of the square is 1, r = (2 + Ö2)/6 = 0.5690355 and the area of the circle (using today’s value of π) is 1.0178256.

Convert a Square to a Circle

To convert a square into a rectangle
One method is given by:

Wishing to transform a square into a rectangle one should cut diagonally in the middle, divide one part again and place the two halves to the north and east of the other part. If the figure is a quadrilateral one should place together as it fits. This is the distribution.

Convert a Square to a Rectangle

And remember, this coming from a small portion of this one Sulbha shastra and your post is ****e
 
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