WASHINGTON, April 26— The Supreme Court today dealt a stinging blow to the Federal Government's ability to move into the realm of local law enforcement, ruling in a bitterly divided 5-to-4 decision that Congress acted beyond its constitutional authority five years ago when it made possession of a gun within 1,000 feet of a school a Federal crime.
The decision, with a majority opinion by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, was based on the Court's interpretation of the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. While not overturning any precedents, the decision marked a sharp departure from the modern Supreme Court's expansive view of Congressional power to regulate commerce.
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The Constitution's grant of authority to Congress to regulate interstate commerce has been the basis for the development of the Federal Government in many of its most familiar aspects, particularly since the Supreme Court reversed course in 1937 and began to uphold the regulatory laws at the heart of the New Deal.
The last time the Court overturned a Federal law on the ground that it exceeded the Congressional commerce authority was 1936, when it struck down minimum-wage and maximum-hour requirements in the coal industry.
The ruling today, declaring unconstitutional the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, cast doubt on the ability of Congress to exercise jurisdiction over a range of activities it has recently defined as Federal crimes, including car jacking, drive-by shootings and violent demonstrations at abortion clinics.