If you mean Darwin himself had views of the mechanisms of evolution that are primitive relative to contemporary views, yes, but Darwin's perception of the essentials was still admirable. So was his use of his evidence.
It's easy to forget that Darwin is one of the shoulders on which we all stand and it's especially easy for me since I believe he was wrong across the board. He had only the outline correct and every detail misinterpreted and wrong.
But a great deal of study in biology and evolution in particular is based on induction. This isn't to say it's all wrong but it is misinterpreted.
No, punk eek is not the only way evolution occurs.
Obviously mutation is a driver of species change. I believe our immediate predecessor (
homo sapiens) was created by a mutation 40,000 years ago that tied the only natural human speech center (wernickes area) more closely to higher brain functions creating the ability to invent and use complex language. I doubt that this sort of mutation is especially rare. I would say something about mother nature experimenting with her creatures but it would be misinterpreted by most readers.
Simply stated there is still no evidence of any gradual change in any life of any sort. Virtually by definition life is change. Consciousness is the ability to change to suit the needs of the moment. Consciousness drives change in the individual thereby driving change in the species. "Fitness" is irrelevant because no such thing exists.
A great deal of human behavior throughout human history has been nonconscious ─ like all your instincts and reflexes. How do you think most pairing / mating works, for instance?
"Human history" doesn't begin until the advent of modern humans (homo omnisciencis) about 3000 BC. The nature of consciousness in modern humans is different than every other form of life and different than
homo sapiens. Of course humans are still driven to a greater or lesser extent by parts of the brain to which we aren't normally privy but this is the nature of "consciousness" itself. A rabbit doesn't experience thought like we do, it's entire consciousness is outside of its own "thoughts".
Before that statement can be unpacked, we need a very clear definition of "fit". I've worked with, and encountered, people who were manifestly inadequate at their particular work, for instance. Is sterility 'unfitness'? Is susceptibility to Alzheimer's 'unfitness'?
There's huge incompetence in an era where even officials and leaders are held to no standard at all. This is a human construct that can't exist in nature. Nature is cruel to the incompetent so there are none. Humans are created incompetent through years and years of school and cross eyed thinking. There's no penalty for wrong answers. Some people would be very productive and competent in almost any other job than the one they have and everybody is most suited to a specific task under ideal conditions than the work that is available. There are jobs at which even an ignoramus can excel but people aren't steered in the right directions and it can be very hard to find work for some.
All other life forms are competent and fit. If for any reason they quit they suddenly become far more likely to be dinner than to reproduce. Most individual life forms find their niche pretty quickly and is natural for its species. Those that fail do not survive but this is not related to "fitness" because no such thing exists.