Russians have not thought so.
It would appear that the question is too difficult.
You mean Soviets? Russians have largely decided to resume their Orthodox Christian practice, and I must assume many kept believing in God even under Stalin anyway.
Anyway, I maintain that it is silly for a state to try and outlaw theism (which I'm not even sure was the case with the Soviet Union). It can be tried, sure, but one can attempt to outlaw catching a cold as well. It is still silly and ultimately pointless and ineffective.
But taking your question at face value - well, it turns out that the first option is both silly and unrealistic (or at the very least deeply delusional), while the second one is found most often in Secularist cultures, not so often on Theocracies.
So the choice is very clear, but the applicability of the choice is quite misleading.