What is the Nature of Maya?
[ie: "What is the nature of the universe?"]
by Professor V. Krishnamurthy
[edited]
Is maya [illusion] real or imaginary?
Unless maya is already present, neither concealment nor projection can take place.
Ultimate Reality is beyond space and time.
Time, space and causation are like the glass through which the Absolute is seen.
In the Absolute itself, there is neither space, nor time nor causation.
The only relevant question that you can ask about maya is about its nature and final destiny. Examination will show that maya is neither real nor unreal.
`I am ignorant' is a common expression, within anybody's experience. Hence maya is not completely unreal. But it disappears with the onset of knowledge. So it is not real either. Thus it is different from both the real and the unreal. It cannot be defined one way or the other. It is in this sense that the world of perception, the common world of experience, cannot be rejected out of hand as totally false, nor can it be taken to be totally real because it suffers contradiction at a higher level of experience:
It is real in the empirical sense and unreal in the Absolute sense.
This is also the case with a dream. For the dreamer, the dream is real. The dream and similarly the perceptible universe is not falsehood but comparative unreality. It is not total non-existence like a unicorn but it is midway between the absolute truth of Ultimate Reality and the absolute falsehood of a unicorn.
One analogy to explain the peculiar relationship between Ultimate Reality and the universe is the relationless relationship of the rope that is mistaken for the snake, because of poor lighting. The rope appears as a snake no doubt, but actually there is no snake there, ever.
The second analogy that is used in the literature is the appearance of water in a mirage. And the third one is that of the dreamer and his dream. Each of these three analogies has its own limitation in explaining the relationship between Brahman, which is invisible, and the universe, which is visible.
Brahman [the Absolute] is the rope; the visible universe is the snake [maya].
What appears as the universe is not really the universe. (!)
When spiritual illumination [Enlightnement] takes place we will know that what was there all the time was only Brahman.
The three analogies are not, however, just three analogies in place of one. There is a gradation, says Ramana Maharshi. First it may be questioned, with reference to the analogy of the rope and the snake that when the lighting situation improves the appearance of the snake is no more, whereas, in the case of Brahman versus universe, even after learning that Brahman is the substratum of truth, and the universe is only a superimposition like the snake on the rope, we still continue to see the universe; it has not disappeared!
For this the Maharishi wants you to go to the analogy of the mirage. Once you understand it is the mirage and no watershed, the appearance of water is no more there. But now there is another objection: 'Even after knowing that there is only Brahman and the universe is only an appearance, one gets certain wants fulfilled from this appearance of a universe: one gets one's hunger satisfied, thirst quenched and so on. But the water in the mirage does not quench one's thirst; so to that extent the analogy is inappropriate'.
The analogy of the dream meets this objection, says the Maharishi. The dreamer has his thirst quenched in the dream. The thirst itself is a dream thirst and it is quenched by drinking (dream) water in the dream; so also the wants that one feels in this universe like hunger and thirst are also quenched by corresponding objects in this universe. Thus in this sense the analogy of the dream is reasonably perfect. Maybe that is why Shankara uses the analogy of the dream so emphatically to describe the reality or unreality of the universe.
In Advaita the concept of reality is always comparative. Relative to materials, things made out of the materials are unreal. In other words if a bucket is made out of plastic, the bucket is unreal relative to the plastic. It is the cause that is `more real' than the effect. The cause of the world versus the world itself gives us a comparison about their relative reality. When we say that the universe is unreal, we mean that it is unreal as the universe, but it is surely as real as Brahman, its cause.
In order to explain this relative unreality the theory of superimposition is meticulously worked out by Shankara. While the snake is superimposed on the rope, the rope undergoes no aberration or modification in the process. It is the same rope all the time. What appears to you is only in your mind. The visible universe is just a perishable (akshara) superimposition on Brahman. Brahman does not undergo any change in the process. All the time Brahman remains as Brahman, the imperishable (akshara) substratum. This is where the nirguna (attributeless) character of Brahman is effectively applied by Shankara to his explanation of this mysterious relationship.
This phenomenon of Brahman not being visible but something else, the universe, being visible, is exactly what the term `maya' means. It does two things: It hides Brahman from you. Simultaneously it projects the universe to you.
The declaration that this is what is happening comes forth from the Lord Himself in Gita IX - 5, 6:
'Everything that is perceptible is pervaded and permeated by Me, who is unmanifested. All the beings are established in Me but not I in them; they are not in Me either, this is my divine yoga.'. He remains unmanifested while what is visible is basically a permeation by him. While he remains unchanged, and imperceptible, the universe is what is perceptible. Everything visible is supported by Him as the only substratum, whereas He Himself is not supported by anything. He is His own support.
The snake appears on the rope; the rope does not undergo any change, but the snake is supported by the rope, (meaning that, without the rope there is no snake). But in reality the snake was never there and so it is also true to say that the snake is not in the rope. To the question: "Where is the snake?", the answer is: "it is in the rope."
To the question; "Is the snake there?", the answer is: "there is no snake; the snake was never in the rope."
It is in this strain that the Lord gives out, almost in the same breath, what appears to be two contradictory statements:
"Everything is in Me; and nothing is in Me."
This is the cosmic mystery of the existence of the Universe. It is and is not - sad-asad-vilakshaNa, mAyA!
*****