- The focus on, and almost an obsession with sin and the need for redemption and salvation. I don't understand why an omniscient God would give his creatures a test knowing they would fail, and punish them so harshly.
Personally, I see the emphasis on sin as 'realism'.
Human beings often do horrible and insensitive things to each other. Human beings have an innate tendency to act in their own interest and even against the guidance of their own conscience, despite retaining dignity and original purity as creatures made in God's Image.
But the Christian message is, "
its OK, there is a better way and through the saving grace of God you can be reborn as a new person".
- That Christianity is more 'Paulism' than it is Christianity.
Without Paul, Christianity would likely have remained a marginal Jewish sect that may have perished following the collapse of the Second Temple. Paul enabled it to become a global religion. Take Paul out of the mix and Christianity probably wouldn't exist at all. Plus, his Letters are probably the most eloquent sections of the entire Bible.
- The forceful conversions, including massacres in the name of the religion.
.
That's true, this did lamentably occur.
Yet "forced conversion" has always been against the Law of Christ, as understood by the majority of denominations. These were deviations, when zeal for one's faith exacerbated due bounds and led to inhumanity - religious fundamentalism, zealotry. That is not unique to Christianity.
Indeed, you only have to consider a few episodes - largely unknown, unlike the Inquisition for instance - to see a very different image. I'll give you one - FULLY sourced.
It is 866 AD.
The story concerns Khan Boris, the Prince of the Bulgars - a nomadic, warrior people of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin. They practised a pagan religion called
Tengriism and roamed the steppes around the Sea of Asov, near the Byzantine Empire, with their hordes of wild horsemen: looting and bounty-hunting.
In 865, Khan Boris had converted to Christianity and baptised many of his tribesmen into the new religion.
A group of boyar, aristocrats among the Bulgars, were not happy with this change of religion - not happy at all. They sought to depose Khan Boris, murder him and reinstate a new Khan who would restore the old faith. And so an uprising began against him.
In response, Khan Boris slaughtered not only the 57 rebellious, pagan boyars but there entire families along with them. The survivors were then tortured to extort confessions of guilt.
In 866 Khan Boris sent a letter to Pope St. Nicholas the Great, asking him a series of questions about Christian faith and morals (since he hadn't even, as of yet, read the Bible). He also inquired about this episode and whether it was moral under 'the Christian law'.
The Pope told him, in no uncertain terms, that this was against divine law and he would have to adopt fresh, civilised and humane tactics from now on if he wanted to remain right with the God he had just baptised himself and much of his people under. The Pope explicitly said that confessions to suspected crime could not be "violently extorted" by means of torture, any form of physical compulsion, that non-combatants could not be killed or made to suffer along with the guilty and that even the guilty rebels who took up arms should be spared, out of Christian clemency, capital punishment and be allowed to live. Moreover, the Pope stressed that pagans could not be forced to embrace the Christian religion - only voluntarily come to it.
Consequently, Boris would have to repent of these sins. He eventually did this by becoming a monk and abandoning power, that is freely giving up his Khananate and abdicating as Khan of the Bulgars. Presumably the Pope's criticism must have weighed heavily on his soul.
Here is Pope St. Nicholas I's actual reply:
http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/866nicholas-bulgar.asp
Chapter XVII.
Now then, you have told us about how you received the Christian religion by divine clemency and made your entire people be baptized, and how these people, after they had been baptized, rose up unanimously and fiercely against you, claiming that you had not given them a good law and also wishing to kill you and establish another king; and how you, having been readied against them with the help of divine power, conquered them from the greatest to the least and held them captives in your hands, and how all the leaders and magnates along with every one of their children were slaughtered by the sword, though the mediocre and lesser persons suffered no evil. Now you desire to know whether you have contracted any sin on account of those who were deprived of their lives. Clearly what you did not escape without sin nor could have happened without your fault, was that a child who was not privy to their parents' plot nor is proven to have born arms against you, was slaughtered along with the guilty, although innocent. For after the Psalmist said: I shall not go to my seat in the counsel of vanity and with people who do iniquitous deeds, I have hated the gatherings of the wicked and I shall not sit with the impious, [Ps. 25:4-5] he says a little while later in this regard, while praying to the Lord: Do not destroy my soul with the impious nor my life with the men of blood.[Ps. 25:9] Furthermore, the Lord declares through the prophet Ezechiel, saying: Just as the soul of the father is mine, so, too, the soul of the son: only the soul that has sinned shall perish;[Ez. 18:4]...You also should have acted with greater mildness concerning the parents who were captured, that is, [you should have] spared their lives for the love of the God Who delivered them into your hands. For thus you might be able to say to God without hesitation in the Lord's prayer: Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.[Mt. 6:12] But you also could have saved those who died while fighting, but you did not permit them to live nor did you wish to save them, and in this you clearly did not act on good advice; for it is written: There shall be judgment without mercy for the person, who does not exercise mercy;[James 2:13]...
Chapter XVIII.
You indicate that you wish to know what you should do concerning those who reject the Christian law...The Church should persuade him like a mother, like a teacher...
Chapter XLI.
Concerning those who refuse to receive the good of Christianity and sacrifice and bend their knees to idols, we can write nothing else to you than that you move them towards the right faith by warnings, exhortations, and reason rather than by force, proving that what they know in vain, is wrong: [cf. Jer. 1:16] namely that, although they are people with capable intellects...Violence should by no means be inflicted upon them to make them believe. For everything which is not voluntary, cannot be good; for it is written: Willingly shall I sacrifice to you,[Ps. 53:8] and again: Make all the commands of my mouth your will,[Ps. 118:108] and again, And by my own will I shall confess to Him.[Ps. 27:7] Indeed, God commands that willing service be performed only by the willing.
Chapter CII.
We have taught above that violence should not be inflicted upon the pagan in order to make him become a Christian.
Chapter LXXXVI.
If a thief or a robber is apprehended and denies that he is involved, you say that in your country the judge would beat his head with lashes and prick his sides with iron goads until he came up with the truth. Neither divine nor human law allows this practice in any way, since a confession should be spontaneous, not compelled, and should not be elicited with violence but rather proferred voluntarily. But if it just so happens that you find nothing at all which casts the crime upon the one who has suffered, aren't you ashamed and don't you recognize how impiously you judge? Likewise, if the accused man, after suffering, says that he committed what he did not commit because he is unable to bear such [torture], upon whom, I ask you, will the magnitude of so great an impiety fall if not upon the person who compelled this man to confess these things falsely? Indeed, the person who utters from his mouth what he does not hold in his heart is known not to confess but to speak.[cf. Mt. 12:34] Therefore leave such practices behind and heartily curse the things which you have hitherto done foolishly. Indeed, what fruit shall you have in those practices, of which you are now ashamed. Finally when a free man is caught in a crime, unless he is first found guilty of some wicked deed, he either falls victim to the punishment after being convicted by three witnesses or, if he cannot be convicted, he is absolved after swearing upon the holy Gospel that he did not commit [the crime] which is laid against him, and from that moment on the matter is at an end, just as the oft-mentioned Apostle, the teacher of the nations, attests, when he says: an oath for confirmation is an end of all their strife.[Heb. 6:16]...
Far be it from your minds that you, who have acknowledged so pious a God and Lord, now judge so harshly, especially since it is more fitting that, just as hitherto you put people to death with ease, so from now on you should lead those whom you can not to death but to life. For the blessed apostle Paul, who was initially an abusive persecutor and breathed threats and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord,[cf. Acts 9:1] later sought mercy and, converted by a divine revelation, not only did not impose the death penalty on anyone but also wished to be anathema for the brethren [cf. Rom. 9:3] and was prepared to spend and be spent most willingly for the souls of the faithful.[cf. II Cor. 12:15] In the same way, after you have been called by the election of God and illuminated by his light, you should no longer desire deaths but should without hesitation recall everyone to the life of the body as well as the soul, when any opportunity is found. [cf. Rom. 7:6] And just as Christ led you back from the eternal death in which you were gripped, to eternal life, so you yourself should attempt to save not only the innocent, but also the guilty from the end of death, according to the saying of the most wise Solomon: Save those, who are led to death; and do not cease freeing those who are brought to their destruction. [Prov. 24:11]