What would happen if

[Suave]

WUT

Genetic deletion of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) reduces dopamine transporter activity in mesencephalic neurons in primary culture
Hideko Yamamoto 1, Etsuko Kamegaya, Yoko Hagino, Kazuhide Imai, Akihiro Fujikawa, Kohei Tamura, Tomoyuki Enokiya, Toshifumi Yamamoto, Takao Takeshima, Hisashi Koga, George R Uhl, Kazutaka Ikeda, Ichiro Sora
Affiliations

• PMID: 17664021
  
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.022

?Our aim was to investigate whether a defect in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) activities would affect dopaminergic cell functions or not. We examined mesencephalon dopaminergic cultures prepared from VMAT2 wild-type, heterozygous or homozygous knockout (KO) 14-day-old mouse fetuses to determine the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells and dopamine transporter activity. The number of TH-positive cells remained unchanged in the VMAT2-KO cultures. Of interest, the dopamine transporter activity in the homozygous cells was significantly decreased, but not in the heterozygous cells, suggesting that complete deletion of VMAT2 inhibited dopamine transporter function. Furthermore, dopamine transporter activity was prominently decreased in the synaptosomal fraction of neonatal homozygous VMAT2-KO mice compared with that of wild-type/heterozygous VMAT2-KO ones, indicating that VMAT2 activity might be one of the factors regulating dopamine transporter activities. To test this possibility, we used reserpine, a VMAT2 inhibitor. Reserpine (1muM) decreased dopamine transporter activity (approx. 50%) in wild-type and heterozygous VMAT2-KO cultures but not in homozygous ones, indicating that blockade of VMAT2 activity reduced dopamine transporter activity. To investigate possible mechanisms underlying the decreased dopamine transporter activity in VMAT2-KO mice, we measured dopamine transporter activities after 24-48h exposure of primary cultures of mesencephalic neurons to dopamine receptor antagonists, PKC inhibitor, PI(3)K inhibitor, and l-DOPA. Among these drugs, l-DOPA slightly reduced the dopamine transporter activities of all genotypes, but the other drugs could not. Since the ratios of reduction in dopamine transporter activity of each genotype treated with l-DOPA were similar, substrate inhibition of dopamine transporters was not the main mechanism underlying the reduced dopamine transporter activity due to genetic deletion of VMAT2. Our results demonstrate that genetic deletion of VMAT2 did not induce immediate cell death but did markedly inhibit dopamine transporter activity.,"

Genetic deletion of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) reduces dopamine transporter activity in mesencephalic neurons in primary culture - PubMed (nih.gov)

 

[muhammad_isa]

Funny thing though I see quite a few non religious people in the interfaith discussion section. Don't know why that is.

I think a lot of people have faith in atheism.

 

[Spirit of Light]

With truth claims a lot of people by nature become critical of such claims. That's not the same as being insulting, or derogatory.

I'm not saying that there are not any derogatory remarks, or insulting attitudes here on the forum. I think most people in opposition here are critical by nature. Some others come across as overbearing, and egotistical.

RF is more about exploring religion than it is a safe haven for like minded, same faith believers.

Of course the debate sections are set up for opposition. Funny thing though I see quite a few non religious people in the interfaith discussion section. Don't know why that is.

I was very wrong in feeling insulted and harrased by critique. Can't do that again

 

[John53]

I want different opinion but I can choose to have my own opinion too

Exactly.

And other people can have a differing opinion. Which is the part you seem to have trouble with.

 

[Trailblazer]

What would happen if religious people just stopped answering negative/over critical OP about their faith?

Then the critics would have nobody to talk to and they would have to talk among themselves. That is what they are doing now on that Homosexuality and religious thread you started, having a pity party about how bad the Baha'is are because they don't believe that sex should be an anything goes free-for-all. Somehow that is supposed to be more moral than having any restrictions.

What if religious people didn't care what others said about their negativity toward religious scriptures?

I don't give a rip what they think of the Baha'i Faith since I am 100% certain it is the truth from God for this age and nobody can take my certitude away from me. I was only on that thread so long for the entertainment, but it's not fun anymore, it is malicious, so I have moved on.

 

[Spirit of Light]

Exactly.

And other people can have a differing opinion. Which is the part you seem to have trouble with.

No I don't have a problem with that anymore. I did have it sometimes in the padt yes.

 

[Spirit of Light]

Then the critics would have nobody to talk to and they would have to talk among themselves. That is what they are doing now on that Homosexuality and religious thread you started, having a pity party about how bad the Baha'is are because they don't believe that sex should be an anything goes free-for-all. Somehow that is supposed to be more moral than having any restrictions.

I don't give a rip what they think of the Baha'i Faith since I am 100% certain it is the truth from God for this age and nobody can take my certitude away from me. I was only on that thread so long for the entertainment, but it's not fun anymore, it is malicious, so I have moved on.

I am no longer a part of that OP

 

[Trailblazer]

I think people are free to critique and be ignorant toward religious beliefs, but that means religious people are also free to give a **** about what critique are given toward them

Religious people are also free to not give a **** about what critique are given toward them.
I don't give a ****. In fact, I consider it rather humorous to watch them spinning their wheels and getting nowhere.

 

[Trailblazer]

I am no longer a part of that OP

I noticed. Good for you. @Truthseeker has bailed and I am bailing too.
Sex is such a boring subject. I can think of a lot more interesting things to talk about.
Glad you started a new thread.

 

[Sgt. Pepper]

Oh I am there. Honestly I don't give a rats *** about those critiques in RF

For someone who doesn't give a rat's behind about religious critiques on RF, you sure spend a lot of time commenting in the religious debate section and criticizing other members who critique religious beliefs. It seems to me that you do, in fact, genuinely care about the critiques you say you don't care about. If you don't care as you claim, then maybe you could prove it by not posting here anymore.

 

[Spirit of Light]

For someone who doesn't give a rat's behind about religious critiques on RF, you sure spend a lot of time commenting in the religious debate section and criticizing other members who critique someone else's religious beliefs. It seems to me that you do, in fact, care about the critiques you say you don't care about.

I used to do upon today. From now I will just enjoy life a lot more carefree

 

[Vinayaka]

What would happen if religious people just stopped answering negative/over critical OP about their faith?

What if religious people didn't care what others said about their negativity toward religious scriptures?

Lots of folks already don't do that. I would imagine it brings them more peace. Once you accept that everyone is entitled to an opinion, it's rather easy. Then there are others that seem to thrive on getting criticism, as it gives them an excuse to state their ideas via debate or argument.

 

[Trailblazer]

Lots of folks already don't do that. I would imagine it brings them more peace. Once you accept that everyone is entitled to an opinion, it's rather easy.

Or once you accept that everyone is entitled to their religious beliefs.

Then there are others that seem to thrive on criticism, as it gives them an excuse to state their ideas via debate or argument.

Like the 114 pages of Baha'i bashing that is happeniing on this thread:
Homosexuality and religious.

It is always interesting to see who is thriving on criticism and using that as an excuse to state their biased opinions as if they were facts.

 

[Sgt. Pepper]

Lots of folks already don't do that. I would imagine it brings them more peace. Once you accept that everyone is entitled to an opinion, it's rather easy. Then there are others that seem to thrive on criticism, as it gives them an excuse to state their ideas via debate or argument.

To some extent, I agree with you, but I believe it is critical to speak out against bigotry, whether religious or racial in nature. As I mentioned in another thread yesterday, one of the main issues I had with fellow conservative evangelical Christians when I was a Christian was their discriminatory attitude toward and treatment of LGBTQ+ people. It was always a source of contention for me, along with their misogynist view of women, treating women as if they were inferior to men, and their bigotry against immigrants (documented or not). Speaking of other threads, I'm glad to see a few RF members speaking out against what I consider to be clear religious prejudice against LGBTQ+ people. Religious people, of course, have the right to express their beliefs and opinions, but others have the right to call out and criticize controversial religious beliefs and opinions that are clearly unacceptable in general society.

 

[Vinayaka]

To some extent, I agree with you, but I believe it is critical to speak out against bigotry, whether religious or racial in nature. As I mentioned in another thread yesterday, one of the main issues I had with fellow conservative evangelical Christians when I was a Christian was their discriminatory attitude toward and treatment of LGBTQ+ people. It was always a source of contention for me, along with their misogynist view of women, treating women as if they were inferior to men, and their bigotry against immigrants (documented or not). Speaking of other threads, I'm glad to see a few RF members speaking out against what I consider to be clear religious prejudice against LGBTQ+ people. Religious people, of course, have the right to express their beliefs and opinions, but others have the right to call out and criticize controversial religious beliefs and opinions that are clearly unacceptable in general society.

I concur. We should call out homophobia and misogyny. The challenge in this case was denial of such things.

 

[Vinayaka]

Or once you accept that everyone is entitled to their religious beliefs.

Like the 114 pages of Baha'i bashing that is happeniing on this thread:
Homosexuality and religious.

It is always interesting to see who is thriving on criticism and using that as an excuse to state their biased opinions as if they were facts.

Please report any bashing to the mods. It's against the rules of this forum.

 

[vulcanlogician]

If someone publically makes a claim I disagree with, I will often express a dissenting opinion. I expect no less from people who disagree with my views.

 

[Twilight Hue]

What would happen if religious people just stopped answering negative/over critical OP about their faith?

What if religious people didn't care what others said about their negativity toward religious scriptures?

Aside from impulsively and suddenly singing Age of Aquarius, I would suspect a lack of response would signify there is nowhere more to go of the matter which in such a case, I'd simply put the kettle on and enjoy a hot beverage suiting the moment.

 

[Twilight Hue]

Funny thing though I see quite a few non religious people in the interfaith discussion section. Don't know why that is.

I suspect it's likely due to ones past religious affiliations.

It's where I draw it from.

 

[9-10ths_Penguin]

I think people are free to critique and be ignorant toward religious beliefs, but that means religious people are also free to give a **** about what critique are given toward them

The difference, of course, is that we've paid good money to be critical of religion: yours and every other religion.

Do you really think your religion is entitled to taxpayer subsidy and special privileges without having the taxpayers who subsidize your religion poking around to see whether their money has been well-spent?