Eileen,
I would have to say that we do not technically owe God for sin. It's more that sin causes death for us because it separates us from a perfect, sinless God.
I think there is a bit of both. All the examples you listed were literal governments in the world which consisted of people going against what God wanted. Because we have freewill, and God doesn't impose His will automatically, those groups opposed the kingdom of God in this world. There is a...
Think of the word "kingdom" more like the word "fatherhood". It is the condition and state of God being king. He has given people free will to follow Him or not follow Him but He wants to be restored to a relationship with us where He is king of our lives and where we can follow Him in a...