I haven't really done research into this but it seems rather obvious that differences exist. Testosterone does wonders for men: it makes us more aggressive, egotistical, promiscuous and driven and I think most men fall within a range where they meet these qualities.
Any exceptions are what are called outliers in the world of stats or standard deviations outside the mean. Society is trying to downplay the differences by injecting a lot of social theories which I think are just plain wrong, but in the end science will figure out the truth.
Nature plays a part in everything we are. Whether it be morality, gender and orientation. Just like a minority of people are homosexual, I believe a minority of people are gender fluid. But the majority aren't.
Testosterone, fwiw, begins to drop significantly in men with average gonad health after 40. How manly are these people? Are they still men? Are they
less of a man because of testosterone levels dropping? Men who produce estrogen, get breast tissue and incidents of breast cancer....are they not as manly somehow?
Should they feel unmanly because of the change in bodily function and processes?
IMO, there is no reason to single out testosterone as The Proof of why societies perceive gender stratifications and norms. Gender determinist arguments tend to conflate testosterone to an all-important status of dominance in a society and relegate estrogen as the hormone to why women are better suited for caretaking roles and out of the public sphere. Plus, the arguments from determinists not only elevate one hormone above all the rest as reasons for why one gender is more suited to such-and-such role, but ignore other hormones as interestingly extraneous in the grand scheme of things.
It's like male ejaculatory bias in sexuality. Sex isn't really "sex" without a male ejaculating at some point, according to many. Sex also typcially considers what a penis is or isn't doing to determine the label or definition, with little to no consideration for what a clitoris is doing in determining if the act itself is completed.
Testosterone is the marker for bias in determining how genders are "placed" or "defined" in society. It's the easiest and most recognizable hormone in male gonad production...and therefore in male-dominated societies, it's the most talked about as the reason "why" men do what they do and why men are successful in _________. Men have it a lot, women not so much. The simple-minded looks at that and yells out "WIN!" I think it's funny when that happens.
There are arguments regarding testosterone rising after sports games where riots occur, assault and battery rates rise, and property damage, which
may suggest that men are more naturally
violent and out of control than women. Are you absolutely sure that we want to go into that area? Because the insistence behind men being as good as women in parenting, conflict resolution, justice, and leadership (because of emotional instablity and greater propensity toward violence) flies out the door. If we were to conflate testosterone as the end-all be-all of why men are more aggressive, then why should the conversation turn toward testosterone being the end-all be-all of why men are more violent? And therefore,
not as capable as women in parenting, justice, or caretaking? If men want more parental rights after divorce, more opportunities in child care, and less discrimination in societal assumptions about men being around kids and being in women-dominated spaces, then trotting out the Testosterone argument in describing why men are the way they are actually works AGAINST men in these marches toward equality in society.
I'm not saying that you yourself are suggesting that. But there are many folks who insist that testosterone is the marker for assertiveness and leadership, and therefore why men will dominate women in all spheres, and therefore women should respect that. The testosterone argument always comes back to bite these same folks in the butt when studies indicate levels of aberrant behavior correlated with testosterone levels, too.
Which, ironically, fluctuate from external stimuli....such as sporting events, stress, and diminishing resource acquisition. And makes men just as human as women since testosterone is by far not the only hormone important in health.
Now, let's single out prolactin. Both sexes produce it, but it's far more prevalent in women, and even far far more prevalent in lactating women. It functions not only as the stimulant in milk production and the let-down reflex, but it in that good-feeling sexual satisfaction in both genders (also generated by seratonin and dopamine, btw).
So, in reductionism, I should claim that women with far greater amounts of prolactin enjoy sex far more than men, and therefore know better by nature alone what sex is all about and are the experts naturally in what all of society should and shouldn't be doing in the bedroom due to prolactin alone. Not only that, but lactating women are the real experts in understanding sexual satisfaction far more than anyone else. Because prolactin.
Doesn't that sound weird?