I see reference to "Hamitic lineage" earlier in this thread. Is this a common LDS belief, that blacks (i.e. those of Sub-Saharan African descent) are descendants of Ham? I know that many Protestant churches referred to blacks as being descendants of Cain.
I have seen references to Blacks as being both descendants of Ham and descendants of Cain. This is one thing that really bothered me. We, unlike most Christians, do not believe in the doctrine of "Original Sin" as such. While we believe that human beings are, by nature, predisposed to be sinful, we don't believe that anyone is born bearing any guilt for Adam's transgression. We are taught that man will be punished for his own sins and not for something someone else did thousands of years ago. That always made perfect sense to me, but it was something I could not reconcile to the idea that a Black man could not receive the priesthood because of the sins of one of his ancestors hundreds of generations back.
Also, am I correct in understanding that prior to 1978, in addition to the priesthood ban, both blacks males and females were not allowed to enter LDS temples for the higher rituals, such as the Endowment?
That is, unfortunately, correct. A man must be a Melchizedek Priesthood holder to get a temple recommend, which would explain why males were not allowed to receive their temple ordinances. I'm not sure exactly what the reasoning was behind females not being allowed to receive theirs. I suspect (note: this is just my opinion and I want to make that clear) that it is because much of what takes place in the temple serves to unite families, not just for this life, but for the next. Since a "family" consists of more than just female members, there is an obvious problem.
Today, when I go to the temple, I almost always see Black couples in attendance and occasionally a mixed-race couple.