gracie said:
the Quaker view (as it often is) tends to be diverse on this issue, but few Quakers understand Hell as a literal place where souls are punished eternally for their sins. i'm intriigued by No*s' understanding of Hell as union with God. could you please explain more about that, No*s?
I started the
God is Hell thread to explain that. It has more about it
.
It basically works like this: man was created in the image and likeness of God. The Eastern Fathers made a distinction between these. The likeness of God was having some attributes similar to God's but on a much lower scale. The likeness of God was our growing to be like Him in character. God, then placed Adam and Eve in the Garden to test them (I'm semi-literal with Genesis). The Tree was to facilitate their growing in the likeness of God. In time, when they were ready, the Tree would be granted to them.
Obviously, they failed. As a result, the divine image was damaged and many of our capacities to be like God were damaged. God, then, in His mercy clothed them (likely a foreshadowing of the sacrifice of Christ) and cast them out. He cast them out so that they wouldn't eat from the Tree of Life (Christ) and live forever in Him. This would be Hell.
Christ came to repair this broken image (bringing the divine down to the mundane in a medicinal fashion to cure our illness). Without this, though, our capacities aren't functioning right. When God sends His powers through us to activate these fully, if the image isn't repaired, that same power that enables His people to live in bliss and with their nature fully restored will also basically short-circuit those who cannot handle it, much as electricity can cause a fire in a bad box. They simply can't handle it.
Another illustration is that a grandson who doesn't like his very loving grandmother, or one that likes her but hasn't adjusted his lifestyle to be compatible with her, are stranded in a house together for three months without the ability to leave. This boy will experience his grandmother's love in a less than pleasant fashion. However, if he actively loved his grandmother and his lifestyle is conformed to hers, he will experience this same love as bliss. It all depends on the grandson, and it's similar with God.