In another sense, you're asking us to stop being human.
Religion is an evolutionary adaptation that we can even find traces of in other animals who seem to partake in what we would understand as religious rituals. Humans are religious whether one identifies as such or not. If you mean 'belief in God' you'd have to define God, and that would go nowhere.
Daniel Everett: seven years among the Pirarrãs
Among the things that separate men from other animals are the subtleties of language. Animals are capable of transmitting simple messages – generally related to food, sex or territorial disputes –, but they are unable to fit one message into another.
For example, a trained dolphin can transmit the message “The ball is in the pool” or “Take the ball”, but is not able to combine the two expressions by saying “take the ball from the pool”. This is an exclusively human attribute that linguists call recursion – which, except in cases of mental disability, is considered a common denominator for all individuals of our species.
What would happen if a human group did not master this? Are these people less human than others?
American researcher Daniel Everett came to the tribe in the 1970s as a Christian missionary with a mission to convert the Indians. He never made it. Everett was part of an international organization that spreads the word of God by translating the Bible into unwritten languages. But it was the lack of such recursivity that he identified in indigenous people that put him in conflict with his fellow linguists.
He says that Indians are not recursive due to what he called the “Principle of Immediate Experience”. The name is more complicated than the thing itself: pirarrãs only live and talk about the here-and-now. They only make sentences related to the moment they are speaking, to the facts they see. “Pirarrã sentences contain only situations experienced by the speaker or witnessed by someone alive during the speaker's lifetime”, defines Everett in one of his articles. That's why they have a problem with abstractions and everything that results from them: colors, numbers, myths, fiction and blessed recursion. This is also what means that the Pirarrãs, unlike all other linguistic communities ever studied, do not learn to count in another language. “They don’t want to know anything that’s outside their world,” says Everett.
Other linguists counter: “The count '1, 2, enough', for example, is typical of several other indigenous people”, says Maria Filomena Sândalo, a linguist at UNICAMP (Campinas, Brazil) who wrote her master's thesis on the tribe. “That doesn’t mean they don’t recognize quantities. They simply make different cuts of reality, like any other language.”
The teacher argues that, while she was with the pirarrãs, she encountered a language as complex and recursive as any other. She became interested in the pirarrã issue and, together with two other researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) and Harvard University (USA), analyzed the data collected by Everett. In 2007, the group published an article concluding that the language is normal. “She is not inexplicable or special. It's as interesting as a language from anywhere else in the world. There is no history of immediate experience or lack of recursion”, says the teacher.
The American linguist and philosopher Avram Noam Chomsky, one of the greatest icons of this science, argues that pirarrãs are not a “counterexample” to universal grammar (a term used in the last century for the theory of the genetic component that enables humans to communicate ). As Pirarras are no different genetically from the rest of humanity, there is nothing extraordinary there.
Culture and belief
Pirarrãs conceive of time as an alternation between two well-marked seasons, defined by the amount of water each one has: piaiisi (dry season) and piaisai (rainy season). The way of life is simple, based on hunting, gathering and fishing, with no traces of agricultural practice.
Another curious issue with the Pirarrãs is the absence of a creationist idea, something literally unique among people of primitive culture. They do not believe in anything that cannot be proven, seen or felt. Therefore, they do not have any deities or creation myths, and for them heaven and earth have always existed. However, they believe in smaller spirits in the form of things in the environment, according to the personal experience of some, and have an idea of cosmology based on existential layers, with them being bodies in one of them (hiaitsiihi).
While living among them, missionary Daniel Everett attempted to evangelize the tribe. According to him, the indigenous people lost interest in Jesus when they discovered that Everett never actually saw him. His constant contact with this type of thinking ended up transforming him. “The pirarrãs changed me profoundly. I was a missionary who evangelized and today I am an atheist,” he said.
They don't know how to count, they don't differentiate colors, they don't know art or myths, they don't understand fiction, they don't believe in any god. They live in the now, without future, without past. These are the Pirarrãs: 150 to 350 Indians who live in the Amazon jungle and defy our understanding of modern linguistics.
The Pirarrãs or Piraãs, also called Pirahãs or Mura-Piraãs, are an indigenous Brazilian people of hunter-gatherers, monolingual and semi-nomadic, who stand out from other tribes due to cultural and linguistic differences.
They inhabit the banks of the Maici River, a tributary of the Marmelos or Maici River, which in turn is a tributary of the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon River. They call themselves hiaitsiihi, a category of human beings or bodies that differ from white people and other Indians.
Even before being born, even in the mother's womb, pirarrãs receive a first name, which they believe is responsible for the creation of their bodies. During their lives, they receive names from beings that inhabit the upper and lower layers of the cosmos, responsible for the creation of their souls and destinies, and also from war enemies.
The Pirarrã language is a language from the Mura language family. It is the only language of the Mura group that is not yet extinct, with all the others having disappeared in recent centuries. This language has no relationship with any other existing language. There were around three hundred and fifty speakers in 2004, distributed across eight villages along the Maici River.
It presents peculiar characteristics, not found in other forms of oral expression. It was identified and had its grammar elaborated in 1986 by the American linguist Daniel Everett in around twelve articles. Everett lived among the Pirarrã for seven years, from the 1970s to the 1980s.
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