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[4:34]
MEN SHALL take full care of women with the bounties which God has bestowed more abundantly on the former than on the latter, and with what they may spend out of their possessions. And the righteous women are the truly devout ones, who guard the intimacy which God has [ordained to be] guarded.
And as for those women whose ill-will you have reason to fear, admonish them [first]; then leave them alone in bed; then beat them; and if thereupon they pay you heed, do not seek to harm them. Behold, God is indeed most high, great!
* v.34 : it., more on some of them than on the others. The expression qawwām is an intensive form of qāim (one who is responsible for or takes care of a thing or a person). Thus, qāma ala l-marah signifies he undertook the maintenance of the woman or he maintained her (see Lane VIII, 2995). The grammatical form qawwām is more comprehensive than qāim, and combines the concepts of physical maintenance and protection as well as of moral responsibility: and it is because of the last-named factor that I have rendered this phrase as men shall take full care of women.
* Lit., who guard that which cannot be perceived (al-ghayb) because God has [willed it to be] guarded.
* The term nushūz (lit., rebellion here rendered as ill-will) comprises every kind of deliberate bad behaviour of a wife towards her husband or of a husband towards his wife, including what is nowadays described as mental cruelty; with reference to the husband, it also denotes ill-treatment, in the physical sense, of his wife (cf. verse 128 of this sūrah). In this context, a wifes ill-will implies a deliberate, persistent breach of her marital obligations.
* It is evident from many authentic Traditions that the Prophet himself intensely detested the idea of beating ones wife, and said on more than one occasion, Could any of you beat his wife as he would beat a slave, and then lie with her in the evening? (Bukhārī and Muslim). According to another Tradition, he forbade the beating of any woman with the words, Never beat Gods handmaidens (Abū Dāūd, Nasāī, Ibn Mājah, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Hibbān and Hākim, on the authority of Iyās ibn Abd Allāh; Ibn Hibbān, on the authority of Abd Allāh ibn Abbās; and Bayhaqī, on the authority of Umm Kulthūm). When the above Qurān-verse authorizing the beating of a refractory wife was revealed, the Prophet is reported to have said: I wanted one thing, but God has willed another thing and what God has willed must be best (see Manār V, 74). With all this, he stipulated in his sermon on the occasion of the Farewell Pilgrimage, shortly before his death, that beating should be resorted to only if the wife has become guilty, in an obvious manner, of immoral conduct, and that it should be done in such a way as not to cause pain (ghayr mubarrih); authentic Traditions to this effect are found in Muslim, Tirmidhī, Abū Dāūd, Nasāī and Ibn Mājah. On the basis of these Traditions, all the authorities stress that this beating, if resorted to at all, should be more or less symbolic with a toothbrush, or some such thing (Tabarī, quoting the views of scholars of the earliest times), or even with a folded handkerchief (Rāzī and some of the greatest Muslim scholars (e.g., Ash-Shāfiī are of the opinion that it is just barely permissible, and should preferably be avoided: and they justify this opinion by the Prophets personal feelings with regard to this problem.
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