Patriotism is sometimes associated with
ethnocentrism, i.e. the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own people, however this may be defined. However, in the case of ethnocentrism, the people in question need not form a nation, but can be a smaller or larger unit. Moreover, the term ethnocentrism is generally used negatively, whereas the term patriotism is quite often used positively.
It is also sometimes problematic to distinguish between patriotism and
nationalism, as some people tend to use
nationalist as a near-synonym for
patriot. However, nationalism (but not patriotism) also has a particular meaning, expressing a desire among a people to form an independent nation.
The word
chauvinism denotes a narrow-minded and thoughtless but impassioned dedication to a particular cause, and thus is always used negatively. The cause can be of any kind (hence the widespread use of the phrase
male chauvinism), but the term can also refer to national chauvinism; that is, a negative characterization of patriotism.
Lastly, the word
jingoism is similar to patriotism, but it can only be used negatively, to denote a variety of patriotism deemed to be aggressive and thoughtless.