First of all, proof only makes sense for mathematics or alcohol. Don't expect absolute proof in the real world. You won't get it. (We can't *know* that all we see isn't an illusion).
Which is exactly the position that believers in ID take. We have our own theory which we test with our own senses and find them to be compelling. We don't need science degrees to "interpret" what we see. What is designed has a designer. Why is that illogical when that is the real life experience of just about all of us? Everything I use that has a purpose was designed for that purpose by an intelligent mind...when is that not true?....only in evolutionary science.
So what replaces 'proof'? The answer is agreement with a testable theory that can be used to predict the results of observations. So, we can never prove that gravity always works. It is *logically possible* it will fail tomorrow. But, our theory of gravity allows us to make detailed predictions of what will happen and such predictions have consistently given the correct answers up to now. That is less than 'proof', but it inspires a great deal of confidence in our theory of gravity.
Again, it doesn't take a science degree to see that gravity exists. It is testable without a science lab or scientists explaining it. If you defy this law, the result can be painful. Its not a hard lesson to understand.
Similarly, every area of science takes observations, makes guesses as to why those particular observations came out the way they did and formulates hypotheses to explain the results. What makes an area a science is that there are then active attempts to show the hypothesis to be *wrong*. We consider the results of that hypothesis and try to determine the cases that are most likely to show when it is wrong. And then we *test* those cases to see what happens. If the hypothesis fails, we go back to the drawing board and attempt to formulate a new hypothesis. If, however, the hypothesis works in even the most extreme cases, we develop confidence in it. It isn't *proven*, but it is as good as we can get in the real world.
But what if the testing process is based on a wrong premise and interpretation of the results are applied in a biased manner to support that premise? What if pride makes it difficult to show findings in a different light? We have seen what happens to men of science who disagree publicly with the accepted tenets of 'established' science. They are ostracized and made to appear to be deluded. Their professional reputations can be shredded and their character sullied. Most would just sit down and shut up.
And no, our theory *isn't* only successful for those that believe in it. In fact, science encourages tests of when an idea can fail. We encourage those who do not believe in an idea to formulate objective tests to see what will happen. Now, those tests must be 'real' tests of the hypothesis, and not simply tests of some misunderstanding of that hypothesis. So, the theory of gravity does NOT predict that all things will fall to Earth. To point to a space probe that was launched and will never return as a test of gravity with the idea that gravity says all things will fall back to Earth would be a false test of the hypothesis.
I see all this testing within parameters of what is already accepted as a given.....no one dares to go outside of those parameters for the reasons just mentioned. Academia is ego driven and when large sums of money or prestigious accolades and appointments are at stake, humans do what humans do. They will sell their soul for the accolades or the financial rewards.
People invest a lot of trust in what science can accomplish, but it isn't always deserved.
If a first premise is flawed, then everything you build on it will be equally flawed.
Now, what this means is that the ways to argue against a scientific theory are fairly simple: 1) find an observable situation where the theory clearly predicts one thing and something else clearly happens. OR 2) Claim it makes no testable predictions at all, thereby showing it isn't a scientific theory.
But again we are talking about that first premise, not the details that are built on it. You cannot test macro-evolution like you can test bacteria under a microscope. There is no 'documentation' that acts as a reference except the fossil record and it is sadly lacking any real proof for what science suggests "might have" or "could have" taken place all those millions of years ago.
My beef is not so much that men of science have formulated their theory, but in the way that theory is promoted.
If it is NOT an established FACT, then it should be taught as an unproven theory. To 'brainwash' school children into believing that it is unquestionable, IMO is immoral and deceptive. To penalize students in a science exam for not answering a question on evolution "correctly" because they don't believe it, is also a loss of fundamental freedom of thought and expression. The education system has simply replaced one belief system with another that they have accepted as somehow more convincing. Why is it more convincing? Because of the aggressive way it is 'marketed'...not because it has proven to be true.
So, that you don't like a theory isn't enough to discard it. That it disagrees with your religion isn't enough. that it was put forth by people you distrust isn't enough.
That is true, but there should at least be something provided as proof that is more scientific than "might have" or "could have" in their explanation to school children.
The *only* way to argue against a theory is to either show it doesn't agree with observations or that it doesn't make any observable predictions at all. The *whole* justification of a scientific theory is whether it actually agrees with observations even in situations where it might be surprising for it to do so.
And I guess that the key word there is "justification". Humans are very good at justification. They also know about the power of suggestion....they could use it to sell ice to Eskimos. At the end of the day, all evolutionary science has is the power of suggestion and a good sales pitch with great graphics.....because it certainly isn't based on the evidence.