jgallandt said:
Not sure who Cromwell is, but I agree with you and the big O. And I can't see God being a God that would expect you too. (After reading all the posts to this thread. ). I wouldn't want to end up like that woman on trading spouses. My wife has a ringer of her now. LOL.
Sorry!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (
April 25,
1599
September 3,
1658) was an
English military leader and politician. After leading the overthrow of the
British monarchy, he ruled
England,
Scotland, and
Ireland as
Lord Protector, (or, some would claim, essentially as a '
dictator'), from
December 16,
1653 until his death; which is believed to have been due either to
malaria or by
poisoning. After his burial he was exhumed and executed
Religious beliefs
Cromwell's understanding of religion and politics were very closely intertwined. Cromwell was a committed "
Puritan"
Protestant, believing that
salvation was open to all who obeyed the teachings of the
Bible and acted according to their own (individual) conscience. He was passionately opposed to the
Roman Catholic Church; which he saw as denying the 'primacy' of the Bible in favour of 'Papal' and Clerical authority, and which he blamed for 'tyranny' and 'persecution' of Protestants in Europe. For this reason, he was bitterly-opposed to Charles I's "reforms" of the
Church of England, which introduced Catholic-style Bishops and Prayer Books, in place of Bible study. Cromwell's feelings of association between Catholicism and persecution were deepened with the
Irish Rebellion of 1641, which were marked by massacres (wildly-exaggerated in Puritan circles in Britain) by Irish Catholics of English and Scottish Protestant settlers. This would later be one of the reasons why Cromwell acted so harshly in his later military campaign in Ireland.
Cromwell was also opposed to the more radical religious groups on the Protestant side of the Civil Wars. Although he co-operated with
Quakers and
Presbyterians, Cromwell was opposed to their authoritarian imposition of their beliefs upon other Protestants. He became associated with the "Independent" faction, which argued for religious freedom for all Protestants in a post-war settlement.
Finally, Cromwell was also a firm believer in "
Providentialism" - the belief that God was actively directing the affairs of the world, through the actions of 'chosen people' (whom God had "provided" for such purposes). Cromwell believed, during the Civil Wars, that he was one of these people, and he interpreted victories as indications of God's approval of his actions, and defeats as signs that God was directing him in another direction.
The Oxford historian
Christopher Hill has written a semi-popular account of his influential studies in this area in 'God's Englishman' (Penguin, 1970)