ENLIGHTENMENT:The English term enlightenment has commonly been used to translate bodhi (Sanskrit), a Buddhist term referring to a unique experience which partially or wholly transforms an individual from his or her previous state in samsara.[1] Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full enlightenment, known as perfect Buddhahood (Skt. samyaksambuddha). In many Buddhist traditions, reaching full enlightenment is equivalent in meaning to reaching Nirvana.[2] Attaining Buddhahood is the ultimate goal of Buddhism.[3]
Some schools focus on mantras (such as the Daimoku in Nichiren Buddhism) or devotion to Buddha ancestors, while others (such as Zen and Theravada Buddhism) on meditation, Threefold Training, mental development and Prajñā. Schools that focus on meditation include the observation of thoughts and acquittal of the Ego. For example, Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar Buddhaghosa identifies various options within the Pali canon for pursuing a path to the enlightenment in Visuddhimagga (written in approximately 430 CE), including by vipassana and by jhana and other beneficial actions.[4] These two methods described by Buddhaghosa are similar to Dhammapada 277 and Dh. 372, respectively.[5][6]
[edit]Terms and levels of enlightenment in various Buddhist traditions
The understanding of what enlightenment entails differs somewhat among the various schools of Buddhism. In the Zen tradition, Kensho refers to enlightenment experiences at the start of the path to full enlightenment.[7][8] Satori is sometimes used interchangeably with Kensho, but more often refers to a more stable degree of realization. Five ranks of enlightenment were formulated by Patriarch Tozan[9] along with the Ten Ox-Herding Pictures which detail the steps on the Path.
Nirvana used nearly synonymously with the word enlightenment in many Buddhist traditions, and in experience may in fact be the same thing. (involving the process of cessation of dukkha). Tathagata and Buddha-nature are often used as impersonal translations of enlightenment. Bodhi, in turn, means "awakened", that is, aware of the Buddha nature of all beings.[10]