Attempted crimes most certainly count. And we don't need to prove they were using an outside source. If someone smuggled a two-way radio into an exam with the intent of communicating with a friend who has the textbooks and a computer, this would still be an offense even if the batteries in the radio were completely dead so that actual communication was impossible.
I don't think that actually works. The way I see it, if the person is silently praying, and praying is available to him at all time, without need for any type of external gadgets, the source of any information obtained is available to him internally at all times.
Assuming there is a purpose to exams, and that purpose being a person demonstrating the ability to produce correct answers, if he can demonstrate the ability to produce the required answers by putting his hands over his face and calling it praying, while another might call the same activity "thinking" -- even if he said he was consulting the pink bunny within -- if that is part of his always-accessible-internal-information-system -- there is no cheating.
edit: If the professor believes that, contrary to the physical evidence of the person covering his face with his hands, that what he was doing was attempting to contact someone outside of himself, I think it is incumbent upon the professor to demonstrate that God is outside the student.
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