In Judaism, compliance is not assumed within most branches-- ya know, two Jews have three opinions on everything.
In Catholicism, there's a somewhat different approach, and this analogy comes from a priest I know: the Church is like a Roman traffic cop trying to direct traffic, whereas many follow his directions, many don't, and some may only pay partial attention to him. But if a conflict were to occur, the cop is there to try and sort things out. An excellent book (Catholic) on this approach that I read quite a while back was "Let Your (Informed) Conscience Be Your Guide", and it's main theme is that the Church has the role to teach what it thinks is right, but individual has the right of discernment. However, there were many times, especially in the past, where non-conformity was often treated very harshly, as it was in pretty much all religions/denominations. IOW, "the good old days" really weren't so good after all.