The scientist in me has to respond to such a portrayal, so I apologize in advance for going off topic.
Not really. This is mainly just one of the distortions/simplifications many have thanks to the quality of scientific education (often even at the university level) non-scientists are exposed to (and, to be fair, discourse between scientists and the public). I suppose it's fair to say that even though most theories in the sciences aren't actually called theories, they still qualify. But many theories, including those that are well-known (like the "theory of gravity" or "chaos theory") are either just plain wrong or are no more scientific theories than is "number theory" or "graph theory". Others, like M-theory (a form of string theory) are not only unverified by anybody, they aren't even verifiable
in principle (and in some cases may never be). Still others, such as embodied cognition, have been verified for decades whilst competing, incompatible theories (e.g., massive modularity and symbol processing) have been around even longer and continue to be "verified" alongside incompatible theories. Still others (like evolution) are theories but even more (entire fields, such as evolutionary psychology, depend upon evolutionary theory) and are too large to be verified because certain parts of the theory are always changing (actually, this is true of theories in general).
Yes.
Because the biblical account consists of competing and multiple contemporary accounts much of the time, is clearly historically inaccurate sometimes, and because most of the time myths and fiction is what historians have to work with.
Of course, for miracles the historical method rules them out to start with (so, for example, historians view miraculous claims in historical documents like the gospels or
The Life of Appolonius of Tyana as either fictitious or evidence that people exaggerated or otherwise distorted/misunderstood an historical event).
Or at least it shouldn't be, and in general to the extent scientists do this there is enough competition and honesty for progress despite such failings.
It doesn't work anything like this. Hypotheses are generated from theories to extend theories and tested (with conclusions interpreted in light of) findings. These are then reviewed and published (usually only if the results are positive, unfortunately, as failed experiments should be published but aren't because we too often 1) know that nobody's career is furthered by publishing failures and 2) we still hope that things didn't work because we need to tweak the experimental design). Most of the time, they are never replicated and often even replication isn't actually replication but another test of the same idea under different conditions. Finally, we never ask "please test this" and lately problems with sharing data in order to facilitate replication ha become an issue, particularly in politically charged fields like climate science.
This is also not true of much work in physics, where it is impossible to actually "test" theories the way we normally think of it as most discoveries are derived mathematically and nobody is certain of the relationship between the mathematical systems and a reality "out there". In other words, it's often hard to say what, exactly, is confirmed/verified.
...is, at least in the form you learn about, a fiction:
The Myth of the Scientific Method