Djamila,
Just a couple of quick observations.
Djamila said:
In America, if you get 50.5% per cent of the vote - then you rule for that 50.5% and the other 49.5% of Americans are not, nor do they expect to be, really represented by their government. The just-under-half of Americans who did no vote for Bush... their opinions don't matter - Bush is in, Bush is in charge.
1) Yes, but don't forget that the President is only one of many elected offices. Americans also vote for congressmen/women, senators, state legislators, state and local judges, sheriffs, mayors, governors, city councils, and so on and so forth. The fact that your candidate didn't get elected President does not mean your opinion doesn't matter.
2) Just because a President is voted in from one party does not mean the legislature will be dominated by that party (in fact, historically, Americans typically divide power over the Presidency and the legislature between the two parties). In most European countries, however, once one party gets power, they dominate the legislature as well as the executive branch.
3) Presidential candidates tend to be close to the center because they have to appeal to the majority of voters, and the majority of voters are moderate. In Europe, however, yes you do tend to have more parties; but those parties tend to represent a more narrow range of voter interests, as you say yourself:
Djamila said:
We have more parties, firstly, so neither would often win anywhere near 50% of the vote.
So, parties in European countries gain power by being favored by
less than 50% of the voters. An American who is ignorant of how European governments operate might recoil in horror at this fact and exclaim, "but that means that the majority of voters in European countries aren't represented by their government!" Of course, this isnt' true: there are other aspects to how representatives are appointed in European governments which give the other voters some representation (though perhaps not quite as much power as those voters whose party won the election), as you point out:
The parties voted for win seats and form coalitions that are forced to compromise to each others wishes, and so everyone is represented.
4) Legislators in European parliaments tend to vote strictly down the party line. This is not true in the U.S.: when you vote for your Congressman/woman, you vote for the candidate, the actual person who will fill that post--you don't elect the person indirectly by voting for a party who then goes and fills the post with whomever they see fit. This means that the good Congressman representing a given district of Ohio answers to the voters of that district, and if the voters of that district disagree with his party strongly on a given issue, by gosh he will go against his own party on that issue!
To sum up: yes, 45% of Americans may vote against the person who is elected President, but their voice is heard in government in other ways, just as the voters in Europe whose party doesn't win are represented in their government in various ways (and in that case, those voters who are in danger of not being represented aren't 45%--they are often the majority!)
Djamila said:
But you'll never see one leader, with one party, ramming everything they want through government with just 50% of the people's support. That madness is reserved for dictatorships.
Sure you will. When Italy sent troops to Iraq, fewer than 50% of Italians supported it.
Look, these issues are complex. There are things to consider other than the percentage of people who support a given measure. For example, of the people who support it,
how strongly do they support it, and how strongly do the rest of the people oppose it? Or: what sorts of things can those who support the measure offer to those who oppose it to get them on board?