Sepphoris’s neighbor, Nazareth, was just a small village in the first century CE, having been founded some time in the third century BCE. By one estimate, it occupied approximately sixty acres and probably had around 480 inhabitants. It is not mentioned at all prior to the Gospels, and they provide only minimal information about it. All four regard the village as the hometown of Jesus, and John suggests that it was not a notable town. According to the synoptics, Nazareth had a synagogue, which served as the setting for Jesus’s preaching and rejection by the villagers. Josephus makes no reference to it at all. Tombs from the Early and Middle Roman periods (and later) have been found around Nazareth, demarcating its ancient boundaries, as well as in the vicinity of the nearby modern city, Nazareth ’Illit. Of these, one, dating to the first or second century CE, contained an ossuary, indicating the practice of secondary burial. 104 The tombs of Nazareth are less known among students of Early Roman Palestine than the famous Greek inscription found there, probably dating to the mid-first century CE, of an imperial decree prohibiting grave-robbing. More famous still are Nazareth’s Christian holy sites, which have been extensively excavated. In fact, they are practically the only parts of the ancient settlement that have been excavated, due to the density of construction and population in the modern city. Significant remains from the Roman and Byzantine eras have been discovered near and under the Church of the Annunciation, the Church of St Joseph, and the site presently occupied by the Sisters of Nazareth. Various chambers, tunnels, cavities, pits, cisterns, oil presses and granaries have been found, attesting to the village’s agricultural activity. The remains underneath the Church of the Annunciation have received the most attention by far. Particularly important are architectural fragments – capitals and column bases and moldings – which Bagatti, the primary excavator, interprets as remains of a synagogue dating from the second through the fourth century CE. Joan E. Taylor has argued, however, that “the form of the building... bears no resemblance whatsoever to a synagogue,” pointing out that the structure was oriented toward the north, facing away from Jerusalem – an atypical orientation for a synagogue. Furthermore, fragments such as these could come from either a synagogue or a church. In short, the remains are not necessarily from a synagogue at all; even if they are, they date to a later period than the first century CE. Other especially relevant finds in Nazareth include a stepped basin, the bottom of which is decorated with a mosaic, found underneath St Joseph’s church. Bagatti interpreted this basin as a mikveh, but as Taylor has pointed out, the decoration of a mikveh with a mosaic is extremely unusual. In any case, the basin dates to the Late Roman or Byzantine period. Bagatti also refers to fragments of large (26 cm diameter), vase-like stone vessels, of uncertain date, and two stone feet, one marble and one of stone, also of uncertain date, found in a cistern beneath the Church of the Annunciation. Bagatti suggests that Crusaders may have deposited the votive feet in the church at some point. Given uncertainty regarding their place and date of origin, we cannot consider them evidence of paganism in first-century CE Nazareth.
Chancey, Mark A. Myth of a Gentile Galilee : The Population of Galilee and New Testament Studies.
Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002. pp. 83-85.