I'm going to assume that you're asking about NEOpaganism, rather than Paganism, for the most part. In spite of its broadness, there
are actually underlying theological and philosophical ideas. It is just that they are diverse and
generally held in common rather than
always held in common; and they are not well-studied since the West fixates on classical monotheism rather than philosophies/theologies inherent to Pagan (and Neopagan) religions. Neopaganism is also a new religious movement not even a century old, so it has not built up the base of literature that religions like Christianity or Buddhism have had thousands of years to do. There are a few sources I would recommend looking at:
There are also tons of individual short essays written by individual Neopagans on issues relating to theology and philosophy. It is hard for me to make a link list for this, but at a minimum I have to list
Witches' Voice. It hosts tons of essays written by individuals in the Neopagan community. Many of them will touch on aspects you're interested in, but it will take quite a bit of work to find what you're probably looking for. There are also a few anthologies I have read that have explored issues relating to Neopagan theology and philosophy, but I forget many of the titles.
To provide more than just links to things you can read here, this is a lost of commonalities to Pagan (not just Neopagan) religions that I pulled together based partly on the sources above. Note, that these are qualities and trends
often seen, not
always seen.
- Locality-oriented. A Pagan’s practices are an expression of their surrounding environmental context.
- Nature-centered. A Pagan’s conception of the divine or way of practice is inexorably tied to the natural world.
- Pluralistic. A Pagan’s understanding of the divine is pluralistic; it is diverse and accommodating of other views.
- Immanent. A Pagan sees the divine as primarily manifest in the world rather than separate from it.
- Experiential. A Pagan religion emphasizes personal experience and is based more on actions than dogma or doctrine.
I can expand on any one of these. I wrote up a file on Pagan theology for my own personal reference a few years ago because I was sick of the inadequate treatment of it in the literature I was finding.