You and I have already had this discussion on another thread, and I think we exhausted the subject there. I am summarizing my position here - why I reject the claim that humanism is a byproduct of Christianity, and claiming instead that humanism is radically different from Christianity, and that it is humanism that is shaping Christianity now, not the other way around. It's a bit long, but I think I need to include dozens of examples to make my case.
‘The interiority of Christian belief – its insistence that the quality of personal intentions is more important than any fixed social rules – was a reflection of this. Rule following – the Hebraic “law” – was downgraded in favour of action governed by conscience. In that way, the Christian conception of God provided the foundation for what became an unprecedented form of human society.’ Christian moral beliefs emerge as the ultimate source of the social revolution that has made the West what it is...
That doesn't ring true, and evidence contradicts it.
The claim there is that Christian ethics evolved from a deontological ethical orientation (moral behavior is defined by obedience to a rule) to a virtue ethics (moral behavior is determined by the character and intent of the person acting) under the influence of the "Christian conception of God"
All one needs do is look at the same sex marriage issue to recognize that Christian ethics are still deontological. It is the humanist who says that he can see no reason why loving same sex couples that want the same protections and social status as married heterosexual couples shouldn't have them.
The Christian says that homosexuality violates God's law, and that makes it immoral. That's deontological ethics, in particular, the divine command theory of ethics that states that right and wrong is determined by God's commands and actions. If God does or commands it, it is good, right, moral and ethical to obey (submit), and the opposite if God forbids it. That's the most fundamental aspect of Christian ethics today as in biblical days.
If some Christians have different values - if they find no harm in same sex couples marrying - then they are reflecting a humanist influence. Humanism has shaped the expression of Christianity and helped inform the values of most individual Christians, not the other way around.
If a Christian supports the idea of church-state separation, he's embodying a humanist ideal. The church is still working assiduously to penetrate that wall where it can, and most Christians are anticipating an afterlife presided over by a god. There won't be much church-state separation there.
Or democracy. God doesn't hold elections or count hands. If a Christian supports a democratic form of government, he got that idea from humanist ethics, not his Bible.
If a Christian embraces reason over faith, he's embodying a humanist value. You simply won't find much praise of reason in the Bible, but faith is considered a cardinal virtue.
If a Christian says he accepts evolutionary theory, he got that idea from people who rejected the Christian creation story, not Christianity.
So who is influencing whom?
*********
Here are two mistakes commonly made in this debate:
[1] If a Christian does it, it must be due to his Christianity. I hope that I have just put that idea to bed. Because a Christian does it doesn't make it a result of Christianity.
[2] Because an idea or ideology takes hold in a predominantly Christian culture, it must be the fruit of Christianity, which paved the way for it. That is obviously not necessarily the case. Humanism is a reaction to Christian values - an alternative to them, not their offspring
The rise of science is a good example. As you and others have noted, it happened in the Christian West. Most if not all early scientists were devout Christians. Neither of these facts makes Christianity the source of the scientific revolution. Newton wasn't doing Christianity when he developed calculus, the laws of motion and of universal gravitation, optics. He was helping to pioneer a new way of thinking about and investigating reality
You and others have credited Christianity with the idea that nature might be comprehensible and obey regular laws that can be discovered, but that was an idea held by ancient Greek philosophers. That is the source of that idea in the Western intellectual tradition, not Christianity. Where do you find scriptural support for that idea?
My problem with this whole thesis of humanism arising from Christianity is that I don't recognize humanism - its metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics - when I look at the analogous aspects of Christianity.
The metaphysics of Christianity include a god, angels, an afterlife, a soul, miracles,answered prayer, heaven and hell. My metaphysics looks nothing like that.
The epistemology of Christianity is that faith is a virtue greater than reason, and that truth comes from the Bible.
We just discussed the conflicting ethical systems - divine command theory and deontological ethics versus rational ethics (the naturalistic application of reason to compassion with a not to utilitarianism and pragmatism).
Humanists and the church are struggling against one another in the news. Their values are antithetical. I simply don't recognize my belief system when I look at the Christian analog, and so I reject the notion that one was the child of the other.
You can tell me that my language derives from languages like Latin and German, and I can see that that is true by recognizing some of the words in those mother tongues.
From Latin: "pater, filius, spiritus sanctus." I can see English words there: paternal, filal, spiritual, and sanctified. I can see that one derives from the other.
From German: "Im nächsten jahr fahren wir zum ozean" - Next year, we are going to the ocean (note that nächsten is pronounced "nexten" and jahr "yarr"). I see my language again.
************
If you had been able to demonstrate that type of connection between Christianity and humanism - that kind of family resemblance - then you'd have had a good case.
But you can't. I simply don't recognize my values and other beliefs when I look at Christianity the way I recognize my language when I look at Latin and German. I see them being in conflict almost everywhere.
And where they are not in conflict, it's the Christians that have come over to the humanist conceptualization as I believe that I amply demonstrated above.
Where is the biblical support for the idea that we should have guaranteed rights such as freedom of worship and freedom of speech? The Bible commands us to worship a particular god, and forbids us to blaspheme it.
Where in Christianity do we find the idea that we have a right to the pursuit of happiness according to the individual conscience? The Bible commands us to live a religious life - one that wouldn't interfere with my pursuit happiness. I don't want to go to church, or pray, or tithe, or worship.
In Christianity, you go to hell for pursuing happiness as you see it. The church talks about free will a lot, but we can hear the undertones of warning about exercising it. One of the cardinal virtues of Christianity is submission, not the pursuit of happiness. How often is the exercise of free will in the pursuit of happiness, which might include premarital sex, for example, called an attempt to do whatever one wants, escape accountability, and make oneself a god?
I believe that I just demonstrated how alien the two ideologies are to one another and many fundamental ways in which they are antithetical. That doesn't go away by noting that a humanism has a notion of humanity, equality, or a universal belief system as does Christianity. Never mind that the universal belief systems are struggling against one another, and that the ideas about humanity are also in conflict. That's simply not a connection - a family resemblance.
As noted, they are struggling against one another for cultural hegemony. Humanism is a reaction to and rejection of Christianity.