The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and
Septimania commenced when the
Moors (mostly Black Africans, Berbers and some Arabs) invaded
Visigothic Christian Iberia (modern
Spain,
Portugal,
Gibraltar,
Andorra,
Septimania) in the year 711.
[4] Under their Moorish leader,
Tariq ibn Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and worked their way northward.
[5] Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior,
Musa bin Nusair. During the eight-year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Islamic rulesave for small areas in the northwest (
Asturias) and largely
Basque regions in the Pyrenees.
This territory, under the Arab name
Al-Andalus, became first an
Emirate and then an independent Umayyad Caliphate, the
Caliphate of Córdoba, after the overthrowing of the dynasty in
Damascus by the
Abbasids.