Will the Religions Ever be Completely Driven out by the Sciences?

[Polymath257]

Yes I am aware of what gravitons are. [1604.06704] Massive gravitons as dark matter and gravitational waves This might be of interest.

How does this theory deal with the data from the Bullet cluster and other clusters where dark matter and ordinary matter are separated? How does it deal with gravitational lensing?

/E: I'd also be curious how the background radiation is affected in this model.

 

[Corvus]

How does this theory deal with the data from the Bullet cluster and other clusters where dark matter and ordinary matter are separated? How does it deal with gravitational lensing?

''In this paper, we assume the bigravity theory which contains a massive graviton as well as a massless graviton. If the massive graviton exists, the gravity would be modified around the scales of the Compton wavelength of the massive graviton. This modi- fication of gravity yields various phenomenological features depending on the graviton mass (see [10–12] for experimental constraints on the graviton mass). Many studies addressed to explain the present accelerating expansion of the Universe by the tiny graviton mass as m ∼ 10−33 eV [13–20]. Another possibility is to explain the origin of dark matter when the graviton mass is m & 10−27 eV. When a matter field is introduced in the “dark” ∗ [email protected] † [email protected]-u.ac.jp sector, it acts as the dark matter in the physical sector through the gravity interaction [20, 21]. In the present paper, however, we focus on a particle aspect of the massive graviton. In general relativity (GR), while the graviton is the mediator of the gravity, the graviton itself is a source of the gravitational field, whose energy-momentum tensor was derived by Isaacson [22]. Hence one expects that the massive graviton is also a gravitational source in the bigravity theory. In particular, if the massive graviton behaves like just a massive field, the massive graviton itself is a candidate of the dark matter. Indeed, by calculating the energy-momentum tensor of the massive graviton, we present that the massive graviton is a gravitational source and it acts as a dark matter in the bigravity theory.'' https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.06704.pdf

How that applies specifically to separated clusters I as yet have not investigated.

 

[Polymath257]

''In this paper, we assume the bigravity theory which contains a massive graviton as well as a massless graviton. If the massive graviton exists, the gravity would be modified around the scales of the Compton wavelength of the massive graviton. This modi- fication of gravity yields various phenomenological features depending on the graviton mass (see [10–12] for experimental constraints on the graviton mass). Many studies addressed to explain the present accelerating expansion of the Universe by the tiny graviton mass as m ∼ 10−33 eV [13–20]. Another possibility is to explain the origin of dark matter when the graviton mass is m & 10−27 eV. When a matter field is introduced in the “dark” ∗ [email protected] † [email protected]-u.ac.jp sector, it acts as the dark matter in the physical sector through the gravity interaction [20, 21]. In the present paper, however, we focus on a particle aspect of the massive graviton. In general relativity (GR), while the graviton is the mediator of the gravity, the graviton itself is a source of the gravitational field, whose energy-momentum tensor was derived by Isaacson [22]. Hence one expects that the massive graviton is also a gravitational source in the bigravity theory. In particular, if the massive graviton behaves like just a massive field, the massive graviton itself is a candidate of the dark matter. Indeed, by calculating the energy-momentum tensor of the massive graviton, we present that the massive graviton is a gravitational source and it acts as a dark matter in the bigravity theory.'' https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.06704.pdf

How that applies specifically to separated clusters I as yet have not investigated.

Yes, I skimmed the article. Thanks!

 

[Corvus]

Yes, I skimmed the article. Thanks!

I am going to read it thoroughly tonight. I will let you know if I think anything interesting or predictive comes up.

 

[Polymath257]

I am going to read it thoroughly tonight. I will let you know if I think anything interesting or predictive comes up.

A nice overview of bimetric gravity and related ideas is given in
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.12942/lrr-2014-7.pdf

I am reading through this currently.

 

[1AOA1]

Science will only rid the world of religion if people choose rationality and probability over faith and magic.

A man trusts in the conditions surrounding materialism and so asks for evidence through that. Another trusts in other conditions and asks for evidence through that.

 

[Native]

Right. That was the first evidence of dark matter. But there are many other pieces of evidence. Another that I didn't mention comes from the cosmic background radiation. The particular variations in that radiation can give an estimate for both baryonic matter (that made from protons and neutrons) and the total amount of matter (baryonic and dark). The two differ significantly.

This is another example of the misconceptions in the Standard Model which generally claims that matter = gravitation = motions and when observing the galactic curve anomaly, they thought that some matter must be missing i.e "dark matter".

In fact no matter is missing at all. The Standard Model just have to discard the matter-gravity-model hypothesis and use the much stronger electromagnetic fundamental force to measure and explain everything in cosmos.

When using this fundamental force, all motions fits to the moving masses and motions and this also provides the explanation why some galaxies have the flat rotation curve, simply because of the both attractive and repulsive electromagnetic formation forces in the Universe.

The overall formative motion in our Milky Way goes from inside the Milky Way center and outwards in the galaxtic disk surroundings, just like a rotating two arm garden sprinkler. This is what gives the flat rotation curve.

 

[Polymath257]

This is another example of the misconceptions in the Standard Model which generally claims that matter = gravitation = motions and when observing the galactic curve anomaly, they thought that some matter must be missing i.e "dark matter".

In fact no matter is missing at all. The Standard Model just have to discard the matter-gravity-model hypothesis and use the much stronger electromagnetic fundamental force to measure and explain everything in cosmos.

Details, please. Describe the distribution of charge and electromagnetic fields required to explain the observed behavior. if you can't do this, you are just blowing smoke.

 

[Polymath257]

I am going to read it thoroughly tonight. I will let you know if I think anything interesting or predictive comes up.

Another article: "2016 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 49 183001" where many of the deficiencies of bimetric and other gravity theories are enumerated.

 

[Native]

Details, please. Describe the distribution of charge and electromagnetic fields required to explain the observed behavior. if you can't do this, you are just blowing smoke.

1. Galaxies comes in two general types of overall motions.
2. Spiral galaxies with tight wrapped arms and a high central luminosity indicating an attracting concentration of gas and matter in the center, i.e. a young galaxy.
3 Barred galaxies with open wrapped arms and a lover central luminosity, indicating a repulsive motion out from the galactic center, i.e. a mature galaxy - as our Milky Way.
Both galaxies are driven by electric currents, but with different magnetic polarities, the attractive and repulsive, and the galactic disk is a result of the perpendicular magnetic field in the standing current.

In the case of the anomalistic galactic rotation curve (compared to the one in our Solar System) in our Milky Way, this is because the overall formative motion is going outwards from the Milky Way center, thus dispersing the stars in a rotating two arm garden sprinkler pattern, which gives a flat rotation curve as observed.

 

[Polymath257]

1. Galaxies comes in two general types of overall motions.
2. Spiral galaxies with tight wrapped arms and a high central luminosity indicating an attracting concentration of gas and matter in the center, i.e. a young galaxy.
3 Barred galaxies with open wrapped arms and a lover central luminosity, indicating a repulsive motion out from the galactic center, i.e. a mature galaxy - as our Milky Way.
Both galaxies are driven by electric currents, but with different magnetic polarities, the attractive and repulsive, and the galactic disk is a result of the perpendicular magnetic field in the standing current.

In the case of the anomalistic galactic rotation curve (compared to the one in our Solar System) in our Milky Way, this is because the overall formative motion is going outwards from the Milky Way center, thus dispersing the stars in a rotating two arm garden sprinkler pattern, which gives a flat rotation curve as observed.

So, no details about charge distribution? I didn't think so.

 

[Native]

The point is that while dark matter dominates at the galactic level, it is still of very low density and in a small system like our solar system, the effects are quite small. So, while solar system observations put a limit on the overall density of dark matter, those limits are higher than what is required for the rotation curves. This is well known for the people studying this subject.

How conveniant it must be to invent a hypothetical dark matter force which works just as you like in the galactic realms in order to save your Standard Model and not works in the Solar System realms where it isn´t needed

This is the kind of internal deals people who study this subject makes - instead of discarding or seriously revising a cosmic law when it is directly contradicted by observations as the scientific method claims.

 

[Native]

So, no details about charge distribution? I didn't think so

Thats´s the way to go Ignore the factual explanation and go for the messinger

 

[Polymath257]

Thats´s the way to go Ignore the factual explanation and go for the messinger

No, the *factual* explanation would require a specific charge and electromagnetic field distribution that is consistent with the observations. You gave generalities that are not even remotely possible for actual, physical situations.

 

[Polymath257]

1. Galaxies comes in two general types of overall motions.
2. Spiral galaxies with tight wrapped arms and a high central luminosity indicating an attracting concentration of gas and matter in the center, i.e. a young galaxy.
3 Barred galaxies with open wrapped arms and a lover central luminosity, indicating a repulsive motion out from the galactic center, i.e. a mature galaxy - as our Milky Way.
Both galaxies are driven by electric currents, but with different magnetic polarities, the attractive and repulsive, and the galactic disk is a result of the perpendicular magnetic field in the standing current.

In the case of the anomalistic galactic rotation curve (compared to the one in our Solar System) in our Milky Way, this is because the overall formative motion is going outwards from the Milky Way center, thus dispersing the stars in a rotating two arm garden sprinkler pattern, which gives a flat rotation curve as observed.

You really don't know much about galaxies, do you?

How about elliptical galaxies? Some of the largest galaxies around are elliptical.

http://insider.si.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/elliptical-galaxy2.jpg

How about irregular galaxies? These are quite common.

http://annesastronomynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/UGC-5189.jpg

And, of course, there are the ring galaxies.

http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/e2/99/8e/e2998e3e3e2f9fa8538fdec7ac36bcb9.jpg

And, for the spiral galaxies, what evidence do you have that the ordinary spirals are either younger or have an attractive force towards the center? And do you have any evidence the barbed spirals are older and are repulsive?

Any evidence for these at all?

If they were driven by electric currents, as you say, the synchrotron radiation alone would be easily detectable. But, of course, it isn't. Any perpendicular magnetic field would be evidence from the the effects on scattered light. But there is no evidence of such.

And, of course, you fail to say why a 'sprinkler system' would naturally induce a flat rotation curve. In fact, a sprinkler with no gravitational effect would just produce an outgoing stream with no rotation at all.

In other words, at each and every stage, your ideas are just wrong as shown by the actual evidence.

 

[Polymath257]

How conveniant it must be to invent a hypothetical dark matter force which works just as you like in the galactic realms in order to save your Standard Model and not works in the Solar System realms where it isn´t needed

This is the kind of internal deals people who study this subject makes - instead of discarding or seriously revising a cosmic law when it is directly contradicted by observations as the scientific method claims.

How convenient that the different constraints are mutually consistent. Yes, it is. it shows we are on the right track.

The 'cosmic law' isn't directly contradicted by the evidence. In fact, it is upheld by the evidence, from rotation curves, to lensing phenomena, to cluster dynamics, to background radiation. And yes, the solar system data is consistent. Your electric current ideas, on the other hand, are easily shown to be wrong based on what we known about electromagnetism.

Oh well.

 

[Native]

You really don't know much about galaxies, do you?

How about elliptical galaxies? Some of the largest galaxies around are elliptical.

http://insider.si.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/elliptical-galaxy2.jpg

How about irregular galaxies? These are quite common.

http://annesastronomynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/UGC-5189.jpg

And, of course, there are the ring galaxies.

http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/e2/99/8e/e2998e3e3e2f9fa8538fdec7ac36bcb9.jpg

And, for the spiral galaxies, what evidence do you have that the ordinary spirals are either younger or have an attractive force towards the center? And do you have any evidence the barbed spirals are older and are repulsive?

Any evidence for these at all?

If they were driven by electric currents, as you say, the synchrotron radiation alone would be easily detectable. But, of course, it isn't. Any perpendicular magnetic field would be evidence from the the effects on scattered light. But there is no evidence of such.

And, of course, you fail to say why a 'sprinkler system' would naturally induce a flat rotation curve. In fact, a sprinkler with no gravitational effect would just produce an outgoing stream with no rotation at all.

In other words, at each and every stage, your ideas are just wrong as shown by the actual evidence.

I wrote:

1. Galaxies comes in two general types of overall motions.

Note I said two general types of motions and of course I know there are all kinds of galactic shapes.

If you are looking at the barred galaxies, there is no way the motion in these can be of an attractive art as the galactic arms takes an abrupt 90 degree turn into the bars. This motional pattern can only be acchieved with an expulsive motion from within the swirling galactic center and outwards - as a rotating two arm garden sprinkler where all droplets (stars) have the same orbital motions around the source = a flat rotation curve where all objects are orbiting with the same orbiting velocity compared to the center.

Regarding the galactic ages:
Barred spiral galaxy - Wikipedia

“The creation of the bar is generally thought to be the result of a density wave radiating from the center of the galaxy whose effects reshape the orbits of the inner stars. This effect builds over time to stars orbiting further out, which creates a self-perpetuating bar structure.

Recent studies have confirmed the idea that bars are a sign of galaxies reaching full maturity as the "formative years" end”.

Regarding the electromagnetic formation in galaxies - Magnetic-Field Discovery Gives Clues to Galaxy Formation Processes - (The galactic example here is not a barred galaxy, so the formational flow is generally inwards i.e. attractive)

Quote:
Astronomers making a detailed, multi-telescope study of a nearby galaxy have discovered a magnetic field coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. The discovery, they said, helps explain how galactic spiral arms are formed. The same study also shows how gas can be funneled inward toward the galaxy’s center, which possibly hosts a black hole.

“This study helps resolve some major questions about how galaxies form and evolve,” said Rainer Beck, of the Max-Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR), in Bonn, Germany.

The scientists studied a galaxy called IC 342, some 10 million light-years from Earth, using the National Science Foundation’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and the MPIfR’s 100-meter Effelsberg radio telescope in Germany. Data from both radio telescopes were merged to reveal the magnetic structures of the galaxy.

The surprising result showed a huge, helically-twisted loop coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. Such a feature, never before seen in a galaxy, is strong enough to affect the flow of gas around the spiral arm.

“Spiral arms can hardly be formed by gravitational forces alone,” Beck said. “This new IC 342 image indicates that magnetic fields also play an important role in forming spiral arms.”

The new observations provided clues to another aspect of the galaxy, a bright central region that may host a black hole and also is prolifically producing new stars. To maintain the high rate of star production requires a steady inflow of gas from the galaxy’s outer regions into its center.

“The magnetic field lines at the inner part of the galaxy point toward the galaxy’s center, and would support an inward flow of gas,” Beck said.

The scientists mapped the galaxy’s magnetic-field structures by measuring the orientation, or polarization, of the radio waves emitted by the galaxy. The orientation of the radio waves is perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. Observations at several wavelengths made it possible to correct for rotation of the waves’ polarization plane caused by their passage through interstellar magnetic fields along the line of sight to Earth.

The Effelsberg telescope, with its wide field of view, showed the full extent of IC 342, which, if not partially obscured to visible-light observing by dust clouds within our own Milky Way Galaxy, would appear as large as the full moon in the sky. The high resolution of the VLA, on the other hand, revealed the finer details of the galaxy. The final image, showing the magnetic field, was produced by combining five VLA images made with 24 hours of observing time, along with 30 hours of data from Effelsberg.

Scientists from MPIfR, including Beck. were the first to detect polarized radio emission in galaxies, starting with Effelsberg observations of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1978. Another MPIfR scientist, Marita Krause, made the first such detection with the VLA in 1989, with observations that included IC 342, which is the third-closest spiral galaxy to Earth, after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). Beck reported the results of the research in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Further galactic electromagnetic informations:
What Causes a Galaxy's Magnetism? | The Institute for Creation Research
Cosmic Magnetism - SKA Telescope
Galactic magnetic fields - Scholarpedia
[1302.5663] Magnetic fields in galaxies

In my mind there is no doubt that everything in the Universe is governed electromagnetically and it is silly that some part of the modern science just uses 1/4 part of the 4 fundamental forces as in the so called "Standard Model". By doing this, they of course misses the other 3/4 parts of the possible informations and explanations from the rest of the fundamental forces. (In fact I don´t take gravity as a singe force at all)

Edit:
BTW, if you will have the biblical/mythical explanation of the outgoing formation in our Milky Way, the Milky Way center is the location of the local creation, called "The Garden of Eden" from where "humans were driven out", i.e. everything was made here and expulled out from the Garden of Eden/the Milky Way center.

 

[Native]

You really don't know much about galaxies, do you?

How about elliptical galaxies? Some of the largest galaxies around are elliptical.

http://insider.si.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/elliptical-galaxy2.jpg

How about irregular galaxies? These are quite common.

http://annesastronomynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/UGC-5189.jpg

And, of course, there are the ring galaxies.

http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/e2/99/8e/e2998e3e3e2f9fa8538fdec7ac36bcb9.jpg

And, for the spiral galaxies, what evidence do you have that the ordinary spirals are either younger or have an attractive force towards the center? And do you have any evidence the barbed spirals are older and are repulsive?

Any evidence for these at all?

If they were driven by electric currents, as you say, the synchrotron radiation alone would be easily detectable. But, of course, it isn't. Any perpendicular magnetic field would be evidence from the the effects on scattered light. But there is no evidence of such.

And, of course, you fail to say why a 'sprinkler system' would naturally induce a flat rotation curve. In fact, a sprinkler with no gravitational effect would just produce an outgoing stream with no rotation at all.

In other words, at each and every stage, your ideas are just wrong as shown by the actual evidence.

I wrote:

1. Galaxies comes in two general types of overall motions.

Note I said two general types of motions and of course I know there are all kinds of galactic shapes.

If you are looking at the barred galaxies, there is no way the motion in these can be of an attractive art as the galactic arms takes an abrupt 90 degree turn into the bars. This motional pattern can only be acchieved with an expulsive motion from within the swirling galactic center and outwards - as a rotating two arm garden sprinkler where all droplets (stars) have the same orbital motions around the source = a flat rotation curve where all objects are orbiting with the same orbiting velocity compared to the center.

Regarding the galactic ages:
Barred spiral galaxy - Wikipedia

“The creation of the bar is generally thought to be the result of a density wave radiating from the center of the galaxy whose effects reshape the orbits of the inner stars. This effect builds over time to stars orbiting further out, which creates a self-perpetuating bar structure.

Recent studies have confirmed the idea that bars are a sign of galaxies reaching full maturity as the "formative years" end”.

Regarding the electromagnetic formation in galaxies - Magnetic-Field Discovery Gives Clues to Galaxy Formation Processes - (The galactic example here is not a barred galaxy, so the formational flow is generally inwards i.e. attractive)

Quote:
Astronomers making a detailed, multi-telescope study of a nearby galaxy have discovered a magnetic field coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. The discovery, they said, helps explain how galactic spiral arms are formed. The same study also shows how gas can be funneled inward toward the galaxy’s center, which possibly hosts a black hole.

“This study helps resolve some major questions about how galaxies form and evolve,” said Rainer Beck, of the Max-Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR), in Bonn, Germany.

The scientists studied a galaxy called IC 342, some 10 million light-years from Earth, using the National Science Foundation’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and the MPIfR’s 100-meter Effelsberg radio telescope in Germany. Data from both radio telescopes were merged to reveal the magnetic structures of the galaxy.

The surprising result showed a huge, helically-twisted loop coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. Such a feature, never before seen in a galaxy, is strong enough to affect the flow of gas around the spiral arm.

“Spiral arms can hardly be formed by gravitational forces alone,” Beck said. “This new IC 342 image indicates that magnetic fields also play an important role in forming spiral arms.”

The new observations provided clues to another aspect of the galaxy, a bright central region that may host a black hole and also is prolifically producing new stars. To maintain the high rate of star production requires a steady inflow of gas from the galaxy’s outer regions into its center.

“The magnetic field lines at the inner part of the galaxy point toward the galaxy’s center, and would support an inward flow of gas,” Beck said.

The scientists mapped the galaxy’s magnetic-field structures by measuring the orientation, or polarization, of the radio waves emitted by the galaxy. The orientation of the radio waves is perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. Observations at several wavelengths made it possible to correct for rotation of the waves’ polarization plane caused by their passage through interstellar magnetic fields along the line of sight to Earth.

The Effelsberg telescope, with its wide field of view, showed the full extent of IC 342, which, if not partially obscured to visible-light observing by dust clouds within our own Milky Way Galaxy, would appear as large as the full moon in the sky. The high resolution of the VLA, on the other hand, revealed the finer details of the galaxy. The final image, showing the magnetic field, was produced by combining five VLA images made with 24 hours of observing time, along with 30 hours of data from Effelsberg.

Scientists from MPIfR, including Beck. were the first to detect polarized radio emission in galaxies, starting with Effelsberg observations of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1978. Another MPIfR scientist, Marita Krause, made the first such detection with the VLA in 1989, with observations that included IC 342, which is the third-closest spiral galaxy to Earth, after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). Beck reported the results of the research in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Further galactic electromagnetic informations:
What Causes a Galaxy's Magnetism? | The Institute for Creation Research
Cosmic Magnetism - SKA Telescope
Galactic magnetic fields - Scholarpedia
[1302.5663] Magnetic fields in galaxies

In my mind there is no doubt that everything in the Universe is governed electromagnetically and it is silly that some part of the modern science just uses 1/4 part of the 4 fundamental forces as in the so called "Standard Model". By doing this, they of cause misses the other 3/4 parts of the possible informations and explanations from the rest of the fundamental forces. (In fact I don´t take gravity as a single force at all)

 

[Polymath257]

I wrote:


Note I said two general types of motions and of course I know there are all kinds of galactic shapes.

If you are looking at the barred galaxies, there is no way the motion in these can be of an attractive art as the galactic arms takes an abrupt 90 degree turn into the bars. This motional pattern can only be acchieved with an expulsive motion from within the swirling galactic center and outwards - as a rotating two arm garden sprinkler where all droplets (stars) have the same orbital motions around the source = a flat rotation curve where all objects are orbiting with the same orbiting velocity compared to the center.

Regarding the galactic ages:
Barred spiral galaxy - Wikipedia

“The creation of the bar is generally thought to be the result of a density wave radiating from the center of the galaxy whose effects reshape the orbits of the inner stars. This effect builds over time to stars orbiting further out, which creates a self-perpetuating bar structure.

Recent studies have confirmed the idea that bars are a sign of galaxies reaching full maturity as the "formative years" end”.

Regarding the electromagnetic formation in galaxies - Magnetic-Field Discovery Gives Clues to Galaxy Formation Processes - (The galactic example here is not a barred galaxy, so the formational flow is generally inwards i.e. attractive)

Quote:
Astronomers making a detailed, multi-telescope study of a nearby galaxy have discovered a magnetic field coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. The discovery, they said, helps explain how galactic spiral arms are formed. The same study also shows how gas can be funneled inward toward the galaxy’s center, which possibly hosts a black hole.

“This study helps resolve some major questions about how galaxies form and evolve,” said Rainer Beck, of the Max-Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR), in Bonn, Germany.

The scientists studied a galaxy called IC 342, some 10 million light-years from Earth, using the National Science Foundation’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and the MPIfR’s 100-meter Effelsberg radio telescope in Germany. Data from both radio telescopes were merged to reveal the magnetic structures of the galaxy.

The surprising result showed a huge, helically-twisted loop coiled around the galaxy’s main spiral arm. Such a feature, never before seen in a galaxy, is strong enough to affect the flow of gas around the spiral arm.

“Spiral arms can hardly be formed by gravitational forces alone,” Beck said. “This new IC 342 image indicates that magnetic fields also play an important role in forming spiral arms.”

The new observations provided clues to another aspect of the galaxy, a bright central region that may host a black hole and also is prolifically producing new stars. To maintain the high rate of star production requires a steady inflow of gas from the galaxy’s outer regions into its center.

“The magnetic field lines at the inner part of the galaxy point toward the galaxy’s center, and would support an inward flow of gas,” Beck said.

The scientists mapped the galaxy’s magnetic-field structures by measuring the orientation, or polarization, of the radio waves emitted by the galaxy. The orientation of the radio waves is perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. Observations at several wavelengths made it possible to correct for rotation of the waves’ polarization plane caused by their passage through interstellar magnetic fields along the line of sight to Earth.

The Effelsberg telescope, with its wide field of view, showed the full extent of IC 342, which, if not partially obscured to visible-light observing by dust clouds within our own Milky Way Galaxy, would appear as large as the full moon in the sky. The high resolution of the VLA, on the other hand, revealed the finer details of the galaxy. The final image, showing the magnetic field, was produced by combining five VLA images made with 24 hours of observing time, along with 30 hours of data from Effelsberg.

Scientists from MPIfR, including Beck. were the first to detect polarized radio emission in galaxies, starting with Effelsberg observations of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1978. Another MPIfR scientist, Marita Krause, made the first such detection with the VLA in 1989, with observations that included IC 342, which is the third-closest spiral galaxy to Earth, after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). Beck reported the results of the research in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Further galactic electromagnetic informations:
What Causes a Galaxy's Magnetism? | The Institute for Creation Research
Cosmic Magnetism - SKA Telescope
Galactic magnetic fields - Scholarpedia
[1302.5663] Magnetic fields in galaxies

In my mind there is no doubt that everything in the Universe is governed electromagnetically and it is silly that some part of the modern science just uses 1/4 part of the 4 fundamental forces as in the so called "Standard Model". By doing this, they of cause misses the other 3/4 parts of the possible informations and explanations from the rest of the fundamental forces. (In fact I don´t take gravity as a single force at all)

I find it interesting that you claim that E&M is ignored while pointing to scientific articles dealing with E&M effects. On the other hand, you seem to want to ignore gravitational effects.

And I am guessing thaat you don't want to say anything about the other two basic forces: the weak and strong nuclear forces. Even you can't claim that they have a significant effect in terms of galactic dynamics.

Also, did you really just give a link the the Institute for Creation Research? Really?

 

[Polymath257]

I am going to read it thoroughly tonight. I will let you know if I think anything interesting or predictive comes up.

I skimmed over a few articles concerning the proposal of massive gravitons. It seems that initially there were significant problems getting a consistent theory out of this possibility, but those have solved, at least to some degree.

As far as I can see, there is nothing yet about how thermodynamics is affected by this model, so nothing as to how the background radiation would be changed. Given the detail we now have about that radiation, I would at least wait until that program has been carried out to make a fuller evaluation.

I also looked for a perturbation analysis to see how large scale structures would develop under this theory. Certainly, a massive graviton would affect such development. How does it compare to what we actually see?

Nothing I saw said anything about what happens when galaxy clusters collide: do the massive gravitons keep going, or do they slow down and stay with the ordinary matter? This is significant in dealing with clusters like the Bullet cluster.

Also, it is far from clear what the effect of massive gravitons would be on gravitational lensing. Would they be an extra effect? If so, the lensing data we already have wouldl suggest this model is in trouble.

Next, the bimetric models have the big difficulty of figuring out what controls the baseline metric. In GR, it is the mass and energy distribution (the stress-energy tensor). This is not the case in the bimetric theories.

My estimation at this point is that the massive graviton theories are mostly a foil against which to test GR. At this point, they are not nearly mature enough to fully evaluate.

As an explanation for dark matter, I have to say that axions are still way ahead of the game.