The ever-increasing religious persecution by the Russian government has caught the attention of governments worldwide. In February 2021, the
U.S. Department of State released a statement via their spokesperson, Ned Price, urging Russia to lift the ban on Jehovah’s Witnesses and to respect the right of free exercise of religion. Since the release of this statement, other religious groups have spoken out about the intensifying persecution in Russia. One example is Russia’s Old Believers, an Orthodox Christian group that separated from the mainline Russian Orthodox Church in 1666. The Old Believers have called on the Russian Government change course, emphasizing that “Freedom of religion is one of the inalienable rights of the person, which humanity has conquered over the course of many years.” Furthermore, the Old Believers called attention to the inevitable civil unrest to which religious repression so often gives rise, as evidenced through their own experience with the czarist and Bolshevik regimes. Civil aggression, they argued, could be avoided “if the authorities adhere to the principle of freedom of conscience and religious confession.”
The persecution the Old Believers referenced occurred during the Czarist Russian regime at the beginning of the twentieth century when the government restricted all expressions of Christianity apart from Russian Orthodoxy, the church of the state. Among the religious groups afflicted were Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Old Believers. The Russian government justified its extensive measures of religious intolerance against Christians outside of Russian Orthodoxy and people of other faiths through an ideological amalgam of xenophobia, nationalism, and Orthodox triumphalism. The respective ruler at the time, Nicholas II, the last Russian czar, lived in great fear that non-Orthodox expressions of faith would undermine the viability of the Russian nation. As a result of rampant government corruption, costly economic regression, and the de-establishment of the Duma, the Russian Parliament, moderates, and Russian radicals joined forces with the intention of overthrowing the Russian czar, a movement known today as the February Revolution (1917).