Currently, there are no “scientific theory” on what the universe was like before the Big Bang.
There are number of theoretical hypotheses about pre-BB, but no scientific theory.
Scientific theories require evidences. There are no verifiable evidences to these hypotheses, but there are mathematical proofs (eg equations and formulas are proofs; proofs are not evidences).
These are provable hypotheses (theoretical physics), but not scientific theories (empirical physics):
- Multiverse model
- Oscillating model (or the Big Bounce, where the universe go through a series of “Bang” and “Crunch”)
- Superstring cosmology
- Superstring theory
- M-theory
There you go again. More strawman.
You are to your old trick about the Big Bang and Steady State, because in the past threads you have generalised that atheists only followed Steady State and theists only followed the Big Bang model. You are hinting at this false generalisation again.
You are generalising that everyone who are atheists today, will only accept Fred Hoyle’s Steady State Model, because Hoyle was an atheist. And you are generalising only theists accept Georges Lemaître’s Big Bang model because the Belgian Lemaître was a theist and Catholic priest.
Such generalisation is dishonest.
Modern physical cosmologies are not about theism vs atheism, theists vs atheists, because both theism and atheism are irrelevant and they are not science.
Modern science are religion-neutral, meaning it has nothing to do with atheism or theism.
Second, no one accepted Steady State Model today, because it was debunked in 1964, because of the discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.
And guess who predicted the CMBR?
It was a 1948’s team effort of Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, plus with Alpher’s former professor, George Gamow, who predicted the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). And it was these three (Gamow, Alpher and Herman) who expanded the expanding universe model of 1920s, and their works on BBN and CMBR are still accepted today.
All three are non-theists (could be atheists or agnostics), and Gamow is definitely an atheist, and a Russian physicist, who defected to the US, in 1934.
Alpher was one of his student during his teaching at American university in 1930s. Alpher would assist Gamow with his paper on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in 1948, just as Gamow would assist Alpher and Herman with CMBR.
Gamow was himself a former student of Alexander Friedmann, another Russian physicist and an atheist. Friedmann released his paper on the expanding universe model in 1922, before Lemaître did in 1927.
They wrote their hypotheses independent from each other. But there was 2nd person who wrote independent paper on the expanding universe model before Lemaître. In 1924-1925, an American physicist and mathematician, Howard Percy Robertson.
Robertson, like Friedmann was of atheist background. Robertson predicted in his paper that observing galaxies “redshift” would show and mean the galaxies were moving away from each other, meaning the universe is still expanding. Robertson would continue to do more work on his expanding universe cosmology with fellow American physicist Arthur Geoffrey Walker in early 1930s.
Albert Einstein met all three scientists, and read their papers individually in 1922, 1925 and 1927, even though he was advocating his own cosmology that the universe was perfect and unchanging, known as the Static Universe Model, competing against their independent expanding universe model.
In 1929, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble confirmed Robertson‘s prediction regarding to the redshift. Hubble himself was an atheist.
So these pioneers, Friedmann, Robertson and Hubble in 1920s were all three early advocates for expanding universe model, just as Gamow, Alpher and Herman in 1948, and they were all not theists. And none of these men supported Hoyle’s Steady State Model (1949-51).
I am not denying Lemaître’s work, but he wasn’t the only scientist working on the expanding universe model.
