A number of legal scholars argue that the power of judicial review in the United States predated
Marbury, and that
Marbury was merely the first Supreme Court case to exercise a power that already existed and was acknowledged. These scholars point to statements about judicial review made in the
Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions, statements about judicial review in publications debating ratification, and court cases before
Marbury that involved judicial review.
[13]
At the
Constitutional Convention in 1787, there were a number of references to judicial review. Fifteen delegates made statements about the power of the federal courts to review the constitutionality of laws, with all but two of them supporting the idea.
[14]
Likewise, at the state ratifying conventions, over two dozen delegates in at least seven states indicated that under the Constitution, the federal courts would have the power to declare statutes unconstitutional.
[15] Professors Saikrishna Prakash and
John Yoo point out, with respect to the ratification of the Constitution, that "no scholar to date has identified even
one participant in the ratification fight who argued that the Constitution did not authorize judicial review of Federal statutes. This silence in the face of the numerous comments on the other side is revealing."
[16]
The concept of judicial review was discussed in the
Federalist Papers.
Alexander Hamilton asserted in
Federalist No. 78 that under the Constitution, the federal courts would have not just the power, but the duty, to examine the constitutionality of statutes: