An ancient myth
[5] of the fall of angels, associated with the Morning Star, was transferred to the
Devil, as seen in the
Life of Adam and Eve and the
Second Book of Enoch,
[6] which the
Jewish Encyclopedia attributes to the first pre-Christian century.
[7] In these writings, Satan-Sataniel (sometimes identified with
Samael) is described as having been one of the
archangels. Because he contrived "to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his hosts of angels, and since then, he has been flying in the air continually above the
abyss.
[5]
The
Early Christian writers
Tertullian ("Contra Marcionem," v. 11, 17),
Origen (
Homilies on Ezekiel 13), and others identify Lucifer with the Devil, who also is represented as being "cast down from heaven" (
Revelation 12:710; cf.
Luke 10:18).
[5]
Today, some contemporary
exorcists and
theologians, such as Father
José Antonio Fortea and
Father Amorth, assert that Lucifer and the Devil are different beings.
[8]
In the
New Testament the "adversary" has many names, but "Lucifer" is not among them. He is called "Satan" (Matt. 4:10; Mark 1:13, 4:15; Luke 10:18), "devil" (Matt. 4:1), "adversary" (1. Peter 5:8, ἀντίδικος; 1. Tim. 5:14, ἀντικείμενος
, "enemy" (Matt. 13:39), "accuser" (Rev. 12:10), "
old serpent" (Rev. 20:2), "great dragon" (Rev. 12:9),
Beelzebub (Matt. 10:25, 12:24), and
Belial (comp. Samael). In Luke 10:18, John 12:31, 2. Cor. 6:16, and Rev. 12:9 the fall of Satan is mentioned. The devil is regarded as the author of all evil (Luke 10:19; Acts 5:3; 2. Cor. 11:3; Ephes. 2:2), who beguiled
Eve (2. Cor. 11:3; Rev. 12:9). Because of Satan, death came into this world, being ever the tempter (1. Cor. 7:5; 1. Thess. 3:5; 1. Peter 5:8), even as he
tempted Jesus (Matt. 4). The Christian demonology and belief in the devil dominated subsequent periods.
[9] However, though the New Testament includes the conception that Satan fell from heaven "as lightning" (Luke 10:18; Rev. 12:710),
[10] it nowhere applies the name Lucifer to him.
The
Jewish Encyclopedia states that in the
apocalyptic literature, the conception of
fallen angels is widespread. Throughout antiquity, stars were commonly regarded as living celestial beings (
Job 38:7).
[10] Indications of belief in fallen angels, behind which probably lies the symbolizing of
shooting stars, an astronomical phenomenon, are found in Isaiah 14:12.