Is the aim of this discussion to suggest that because Darwin was wrong about some things that evolution as a hypothesis/theory is false?
I get the sense that Darwin is seen as a sort of divine being who all of biological science is hung upon on faith.
In my opinion, in terms of the theory of evolution, the Devil is in the details. The main component of life is water, yet modern biology does not do the water justice in terms of water's contribution to the statics and dynamics of all bio-materials. Instead, the water is averaged into the organics via a casino approach to science. The basic theory of Darwin is useful, but the extrapolation in biology is suspect.
The experiments that prove this were done back in the 1950's. Speculation, based on the casino approach to science, gave odds that life could appear in almost any solvent under the right conditions. This was part of the sci-fiction addendum to universe biology that resulted from the casino approach.
Experiments were done, which dehydrated single cells, and then added the many proposed solvents to demonstrate the hypothesis. What ended up happening was that no solvent could replace water and make life appear. In fact, to everyone's surprise nothing worked in the test cells, down to the individual enzymes. The dice assumption did not work.
One explanation is, life on earth evolved within water from day one. Water became the main source of natural selection at the nanoscale of molecules. All the things inside cells, evolved in water and are therefore tuned to the potentials of water in what appears to be in an all or nothing way; casual and not statistical. Here we are 70 years of so later, and life science did not learn anything, but continues to push the statistical illusion.
Statistics is a useful tool and has immense practical value. The practical nature of the tool and its utility, was mistaken for its reality within the natural world.
Science does not have its own money, but is beholden to others to provide. Statistics was useful, from the POV of the money people, in that it allow assembly line science, where all the cogs in the machine use the exact same experimental procedure, where thinking comes after the experiments, allowing the procedure to think for you.
The statistical approach became a self for-filling prophesy. It became a continuing tradition that should have been obsolete decades ago. However, is does makes money due to the assembly line approach it offers. It is also have use connected to the politics of health care and medicine, in that a statistical approach has built in fudge factors, that can make it more manipulative than rational theory.
In rational theory, like Einstein's theory of relativity; casual equations, one bad data point could have been kill the theory or require modifications. In statistics, all the data points can miss the theoretical curve. This does not matter, since the approach has built in fudge factors, that can allow such a theory to linger. This watered down approach can appease the insecurities of regulators who think doom and gloom.
As a recent example, the COVID virus, very early in the pandemic, showed very distinct preferences in terms of the demographics; function of infection and mortality. The elderly with certain pre-existing conditions were the main target from day one. Children were not impacted the same way from day one.
This seemed rational. However, biology and politics took the statistical approach due to the fudge factoring of statistics, telling us we are all at risk. Risk is one of those buzz words of statistic that only need one out of a million data points to spook people, since it appears to correlate based on built in fudge. While the same one in a million is enough to kill a rational theory that turned out correct.
The original assessment of a target, was left on the side lines, since a few bad data points were seen. However, the original cause and affect, remained steady from the beginning to the present. But it was overridden in favor of subjectivity stemming from rolling dice for one in million. This is the game being played with evolution, by the sciences of dice and cards. They have so much built in fudge, they assume they have to be right since cause and affect are not in affect. It has become a religion of gamblers where the house is designed to win. Until the life science get past the 1950's, do not buy that farm.
Maybe someone can explain why statistical based theory allows more bad data than rational theory and can still be called correct?