Context.
" Geographically, the problem is an infested earth. Note that in 6:5-13, the earth (
ha ares) is mentioned eight times. Thus the description has all the appearances of a universal condition rather than a local one. To be sure,
eres is frequently rendered as (local) land, ground, and even underworld. When
eres refers to a particular piece of land, however, it is often followed by a prepositional phrase that further identifies the land (e.g., the land of the Canaanites, land of the east, land of the fathers), except in those places where mention is made theologically of the land promised to Israel. Furthermore, the reference in 7:3 to the animals of
kol-ha ares argues for an understanding of
eres elsewhere in the Flood as earth in that almost all of the uses of
kol-ha ares (outside of Deuteronomy and Joshua-Samuel) are references to the earth (
Gen. 1:26,
28;
11:1;
Exodus 9:14,
16;
19:5). Yet, verses such as
Gen. 13:9,
15 show that even in Genesis
kol-ha ares refers to the whole land (Victor Hamilton,
The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17, Eerdmans, 1990, p. 279).
Scholar Kenneth Matthew concurs.
This inclusive language as elsewhere in the account suggests that the cataclysm was worldwide in scope. An alternative understanding is that the comprehensive language of the text is hyperbolic or a phenomenal description (from Noah's limited viewpoint), thus permitting a regional flood . . . And earth can rightly be rendered land, again allowing a limited venue. This kind of inclusive language for local events is attested elsewhere in Genesis (e.g. 41:54-57), but the insistence of the narrative on the encompassing character of the flood favors the literal understanding of the universal view (Kenneth Matthews,
Genesis 1:-11:26, The New American Commentary, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996, p. 365).
Commenting on
Genesis 7, Matthews writes.
The inclusive language all every occurs eight times (in Hebrew) in vv. 19-23 leaving no doubt about the all-encompassing nature of the destructive floods and the depth left behind. There can be no dispute that the narrative depicts the flood in the language of a universal deluge (entire heavens), even the high mountains are covered (2x; vv. 19-20) (Kenneth Matthews, ibid., p. 380).
The clear sense of the passage is that the Flood was universal. Although the universal terms found in the account can be understood in a limited sense, there is nothing in the story to force one to understand it this way, or to even suggest that this was the authors intent. The passage plainly speaks of a worldwide destruction."
Did the Flood Cover the Entire Earth?