In
Hebrew,
Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations.
Chesed, often translated as
loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings.
The commandment to love other people is given in the
Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (
Leviticus 19:18). The Torah's commandment to love
God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (
Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the
Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish
oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5).
Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (
Ecclesiastes 9:9). The biblical book
Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between
God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. The 20th-century
Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "
giving without expecting to take" (from his
Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).
The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman
eros in Greekand the unselfish love of others (
agape), are often contrasted as "ascending" and "descending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.
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There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.
- Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.
- Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."
- Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.
Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the
greatest commandment of the Jewish
Torah, according to
Jesus; cf.
Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 2834).
Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "
Love God, and do as thou wilt."
The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poem in
1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (
1 Cor. 13:47,
NIV)
The Apostle John wrote,
"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (
John 3:1617, NIV) John also wrote,
"Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (
1 John 4:78, NIV)