The Case for Chimpanzee Religion, James B. Harrod,
Abstract
Do chimpanzees engage in religious behaviors? To date this question remains unanswered. I use methods from religious studies and anthropology
of religion that demonstrate an answer in the affirmative. A comprehensive review of primatology reports reveals that chimpanzees do
perform ritualized patterns of behavior in response to birth, death, consortship, and elemental natural phenomena. A structuralist analysis of
these patterns shows that chimpanzees deploy similar formulaic action schemas involving recombination of syntagmatic and paradigmatic
behaviors across all four of these life-situations. In the course of these performances, chimpanzees decontextualize and convert everyday
communicative signals to express non-ordinary emotions of wonder and awe. The patterning of chimpanzee ritual behaviors evidences all the
components of a prototypical trans-species definition of religion. These findings support hypotheses that propose religious behaviors for other
species, including hominins prior to Homo sapiens sapiens.
Conclusion
Based on a comprehensive review of primatological reports of chimpanzee behaviors and application of multiple heuristic procedures,
including a non-anthropocentric, prototypical trans-species definition of religion, it may be concluded that:
- Chimpanzees engage in complex ritualized patterns of behavior in response to death, birth, elemental phenomena of nature (wind,water, fire, earth), and consortship.
- These patterns display recombinatory and permutable sets of formulaic behaviors and calls, which appear to be deployed in pairs of opposed emotional valence.
- In each ritual type, everyday communicative behaviors, such as charging displays, alarm calls, and pant-hoots, appear to be decontextualized and recontextualized in ways that modify and convert them into non-ordinary mimetic transferences expressing novel meanings and experiences of awe-dread and wonder.
- These behaviors appear to be examples of the biological ritualization of instincts.
- The formulaic behaviors are shared across ritual practices—death, birth, response to elemental natural phenomena, and consortship. This cross-ritual matrix of syntagmatic and paradigmatic behaviors organized by binary valences and reversals appears to be evidence for an underlying algorithmic generative competence that structures the various ritualizations.
- Chimpanzee ritual behaviors in response to death, birth, consortship, and elemental natural phenomena correspond to and thus meet the full criteria for a prototypical trans-species definition of religion (Harrod 2011).
With this I have responded to Goodall’s initial question affirmatively: yes, there appears to be chimpanzee religion. I contend that this finding
contradicts the assertions by Howell (2003) that Goodall’s observations are far from sufficient evidence for chimpanzee religion and Bekoff
(2007a) that there is no detailed data to support or refute chimpanzee religious behavior. The results contained herein would seem to provide a
strong case for chimpanzee religion as defined.