Then how did Morocco and Indonesia become islamic when islam originated in Mecca?
How did South America become catholic when the catholic church originated in Rome (Italy)?
Well, let's go back and establish some things, first - who is calling Israel colonizers, and what are they saying about what has been colonized, by Israel, or is planning to colonize?
I generally associate colonization with monarchies, and the State of Israel (as opposed to the ancient Kingdom of Israel from around 3,000 years ago) is a republic.
Usually when I think of this region of the Southern Levant in terms of colonization, I also think of it as being
colonized by Europeans in the previous century.
Prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the region had an indigenous population which consisted mainly of Arab Christians & Muslims, Jews (mainly Sephardi, Mizrahi, and Ashkenazi), and some Druze, Samaritans (similar to Judaism), and Armenians (predominantly Christians); they were the ones who were colonized by Europeans over the centuries - the "British Mandate" (British Empire), the Crusader States (1099–1291), the Byzantine Empire, and the Roman Empire; BTW it was also colonized over the centuries by non-European kingdoms, empires, etc.
So to me, the most recent "colonizers" there were Europeans, specifically the British Empire; although people say that the British Empire no longer exists (because of some arbitrary-sounding semantics criteria), there still is a British empire in existence today (note that I'm using lower-case "e" for "empire", here).
These places you mentioned - Morocco, Indonesia, and South America became as you described, probably or mainly because of missionaries who traveled to these regions to convert inhabitants of those regions, or by conquering them & forcing them to convert.
I'm curious - why didn't you include North America and Protestantism in such a list of questions?
Why is it that the only country which is a Jewish nation, existing in the historical homeland of the Chosen People, is considered a "colonial" state?
It's not the only Jewish nation; there are plenty of other nations with citizens/subjects who are Jewish. There are more Jews living in the US than in Israel, so the US - not Israel - is also the top Jewish nation in terms of Jewish population comparison:
Countries with largest Jewish population 2022 | Statista
Also, why is it that 67 countries have English as an official language, Spanish is spoken in 36 countries,
Because the British and Spanish empires were colonizers and conquerors of these places.
Arabic is spoken in 35 countries,
35? The search results I got gave me 25 countries.
Arabic isn't a language analogous to English and Spanish, since there are different dialects, so it's more like a language dialect group. As far as I know, anyone who speaks English can understand anyone else who speaks English & anyone who speaks Spanish can understand anyone else who speaks Spanish; this isn't true for "Arabic" since the different dialect speakers might not be able to understand each other.
Anyhow, I'm not familiar with the details behind how 25 countries became Arabic speaking; maybe that's the result of Islamic missionaries or conquerors.
yet Hebrew is spoken in only one?
It's not spoken in only one:
Hebrew - Worldmapper.
This article describes Hebrew being spoken regularly as having been a language that was "all but dead" (almost dead) prior to being revived & that seems similar to the condition of Latin, today, which makes it interesting that Greek is still alive and well.