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John's christology and the Dead Sea Scrolls

Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
At end of days some being will need to rescue those souls that are still in the process of being purified ( the image of the thugs ). At this time an army of Righteous would come to rescue the souls. The Righteous army is executing the Justice of E-l.

I agree with you that this kind of eschatological scenario of atonement / ransom of souls from impurity is playing out in the text and that Melchizedek appears to be the elohim (divine being) appointed by God as his agent (leader of the sons of light) to carry out this redemption of those imprisoned under Belial and the darkness.

These dynamics are replicated, however, also in the New Testament, where Jesus is given this same eschatological role of descending into gehennom to ransom the imprisoned souls:

  • 1 Peter 3:19–20: (Jesus) "went and made proclamation to the imprisoned spirits—to those who were disobedient long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water...."
In the original Greek: "ἐν ᾧ καὶ τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν, ἀπειθήσασίν ποτε ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ μακροθυμία ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε…."
  • Ephesians 4:7-10 NIV: "But to each one of us grace has been given as Christ apportioned it. This is why it[or God] says, 'When he ascended on high, he took many captives and gave gifts to his people.'[Psalm 68:18] (What does 'he ascended' mean except that he also descended to the lower, earthly regions?[or the depths of the earth] He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens, in order to fill the whole universe."
In the original Greek: διὸ λέγει, ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος ᾐχμαλώτευσεν αἰχμαλωσίαν, ἔδωκεν δόματα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. τὸ δὲ ἀνέβη τί ἐστιν εἰ μὴ ὅτι καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα [μέρη] τῆς γῆς; ὁ καταβὰς αὐτός ἐστιν καὶ ὁ ἀναβὰς ὑπεράνω πάντων τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα.


Harrowing of Hell - Wikipedia


In Christian theology, the Harrowing of Hell (Latin: Descensus Christi ad Inferos, "the descent of Christ into Hell") is the triumphant descent of Christ into Hell (or Hades) between the time of his Crucifixion and his Resurrection when he brought salvation to all of the righteous who had died since the beginning of the world.[1] After his death, the soul of Jesus descended into the realm of the dead.
 

Harel13

Am Yisrael Chai
Staff member
Premium Member
@Harel13 Having read some scholarly commentaries on that verse about the "inheritance of Melchizedek", they seemingly argue that it is related to Psalm 82:8 "Arise, O Elohim, judge the earth: for you shall inherit all nations..."
I'm not quite sure why they argue such. The text is built very much like certain types of Midrashim: overarching theme, verse/s from the theme, explaining the connection to a seemingly unrelated concept, then more verses and connecting them to the same idea. The title verses are verses about the Shmitah (Seventh Year) and the Jubilee. The inherentance appears to be more related to the theme of inherentence regarding the Shmitah and the Jubilee. The text refers to a certain (unknown) group that will be considered Malkitzedek's inherentence until he will call upon them to go free, like slaves go free in the Jubilee, like land returns to its original owners. Jubilee and Shmitah are not related to other nations. Plus, again, the group are unknown (missing words) people, and they walk free eventually, something that isn't described in Psalms.
 

Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
I'm not quite sure why they argue such. The text is built very much like certain types of Midrashim: overarching theme, verse/s from the theme, explaining the connection to a seemingly unrelated concept, then more verses and connecting them to the same idea. The title verses are verses about the Shmitah (Seventh Year) and the Jubilee. The inherentance appears to be more related to the theme of inherentence regarding the Shmitah and the Jubilee. The text refers to a certain (unknown) group that will be considered Malkitzedek's inherentence until he will call upon them to go free, like slaves go free in the Jubilee, like land returns to its original owners. Jubilee and Shmitah are not related to other nations. Plus, again, the group are unknown (missing words) people, and they walk free eventually, something that isn't described in Psalms.

Very interesting explication of the text, thank you!

The scholars I'm reading do call it both a midrashic and/or pesher-style exegesis i.e. screenshot:

upload_2020-6-21_18-31-13.png



upload_2020-6-21_18-33-1.png


I will need to read more of what their saying (both from the texts I have to hand in book form, in PDF and on googlebooks) to get the 'gist' of their arguments. There is a lot of scholarly material to sift through on this text since its publication in the 1960s.

So, I'll get back to you on it!
 

Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
OK, they do emphasise your point as well @Harel13 in the context of the midrashic analysis, in respect of the jubilee theme:

upload_2020-6-21_18-40-2.png


upload_2020-6-21_18-44-3.png



upload_2020-6-21_18-45-23.png


This particular scholar also writes:

"The text also describes the day of peace or salvation mentioned in the Book of
Isaiah in relation to the judgment day of Melkiṣedeq. The text uses Isa. 52:7 and equates
the mountains with the prophets, and the messenger with the messiah mentioned in the
Book of Daniel.171 This could be viewed as the prophets and their prophecies constituting
the pillars or foundations of the new world of peace ushered in by Melkiṣedeq’s judgment
and defeat of Belial. In this interpretation of Isaiah, the last part of the verse, “your
Elohim reigns,” is repeated at the end of the passage, which reads, “your Elohim is
Melkiṣedeq, who will save them from the hand of Belial.”172 This statement shows the
highly elevated status of Melkiṣedeq at Qumran; they were willing to refer to him as
Elohim, a name otherwise reserved for YHWH. Throughout the sectarian documents of
Qumran, there are other texts that allude to the sophistication and prevalence of the
Melkiṣedeq tradition at Qumran
."
 

Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
So, if I'm interpreting this right: the 'captives' are Melchizedek's "inheritance" whom he proclaims liberty to (i.e. alluding to Isaiah) so as to free them from their debts/inquities and the debtor 'Belial/thug(s)'; through an atonement made by Melchizedek (the "year of the grace/favour of Melchizedek") on the eschatological day of judgement/atonement, in his role as a kind of heavenly high priest/agent of the vegeance of God.

In this respect, using the midrash and/or pesher-style analysis, the scribal author is applying the Jubilee / debt release of Deuteronomy 15:2 to the 'last days' and particularly Isaiah's proclamation of "liberty to the captives" (Isaiah 61), which it interprets as "He (Melchizedek?) will proclaim to them the (eschatological) Jubilee, thereby releasing them from the debt of all their sins".

Another (different) translation of the text here:

The Dead Sea Scrolls: Coming of Melchizedek


And concerning what Scripture says, "In this year of Jubilee you shall return, everyone f you, to your property" (Lev. 25;13) And what is also written; "And this is the manner of the remission; every creditor shall remit the claim that is held against a neighbor, not exacting it of a neighbor who is a member of the community, because God's remission has been proclaimed" (Deut.15;2) the interpretation is that it applies to the Last Days and concerns the captives, just as Isaiah said: "To proclaim the Jubilee to the captives" (Isa. 61;1) (...) just as (...) and from the inheritance of Melchizedek, for (... Melchizedek) , who will return them to what is rightfully theirs. He will proclaim to them the Jubilee, thereby releasing them from the debt of all their sins. He shall proclaim this decree in the first week of the jubilee period that follows nine jubilee periods.

Then the "Day of Atonement" shall follow after the tenth jubilee period, when he shall atone for all the Sons of Light, and the people who are predestined to Melchizedek. (...) upon them (...) For this is the time decreed for the "Year of Melchizedek`s favor", and by his might he will judge God's holy ones and so establish a righteous kingdom, as it is written about him in the Songs of David ; "A godlike being has taken his place in the council of God; in the midst of divine beings he holds judgement"

(Ps. 82;1). Scripture also says about him ; "Over it take your seat in the highest heaven; A divine being will judge the peoples" (Ps. 7;7-8) Concerning what scripture says; "How long will you judge unjustly, and show partiality with the wicked? Selah" (Ps. 82;2) ,the interpretation applies to Belial and the spirits predestined to him, because all of them have rebelled, turning from God's precepts and so becoming utterly wicked. Therefore Melchizedek will thoroughly prosecute the vengeance required by God's statutes. Also, he will deliver all the captives from the power of Belial, and from the power of all the spirits destined to him. Allied with him will be all the "righteous divine beings"(Isa. 61;3).

(The ...) is that whi(ch ...all) the divine beings. The visitation is the Day of Salvation that He has decreed through Isaiah the prophet concerning all the captives, inasmuch as Scripture says, "How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger who announces peace, who brings good news, who announces salvation, who says to Zion "Your divine being reigns"." (Isa. 52;7) This scriptures interpretation : "the mountains" are the prophets, they who were sent to proclaim God's truth and to prophesy to all Israel. "The messengers" is the Anointed of the spirit, of whom Daniel spoke; "After the sixty-two weeks, an Anointed shall be cut off" (Dan. 9;26) The "messenger who brings good news, who announces Salvation" is the one of whom it is written; "to proclaim the year of the LORD`s favor, the day of the vengeance of our God; to comfort all who mourn" (Isa. 61;2)

This scripture's interpretation: he is to instruct them about all the periods of history for eternity (... and in the statutes) of the truth. (...) (.... dominion) that passes from Belial and returns to the Sons of Light (....) (...) by the judgment of God, just as it is written concerning him; "who says to Zion "Your divine being reigns" (Isa. 52;7) "Zion" is the congregation of all the sons of righteousness, who uphold the covenant and turn from walking in the way of the people. "Your divine being" is Melchizedek, who will deliver them from the power of Belial. Concerning what scripture says, "Then you shall have the trumpet sounded loud; in the seventh month . . . " (Lev. 25;9)
 
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Clear

Well-Known Member
Premium Member
REGARDING DYBMNs LIST OF CRITICISMS OF THE MESSIAH

Desecration of Shabbos, traveling and working
Desecration of Shabbos, not delighting in it
Desecration of G-d, arguing about halacha in public with Judges
Harming people
Haughtiness
Harming himself
Putting a stumbling block
That's 7.


REGARDING DYBMHs CRITICISM #1 AGAINST THE MESSIAH FOR "TRAVELING AND WORKING"
Desecration of Shabbos, traveling and working
That's 7.
Post #171 Clear pointed out that the pharisees could have viewed the Messiah as having disobeyed their man-made traditions or they could have reflected that a miracle was done by the power of the God who gave the original commandments. They chose to honor their traditions consistent with the rabbinic code : “It is more culpable to teach contrary to the precepts of the scribes, than contrary to the Thorah itself.” (Sanhedrin xi.3a)


OK, the problem here is, that healing on Shabbos is not a sin. That wasn't in my list. He was traveling and working.


SPECIFIC WORK MAY AND SHOULD BE DONE ON THE SABBATH, WORK WHICH THE MESSIAH WAS DOING, THE WORK OF GOD
Post #189 Clear confronted dybmh with a list of different sorts of work in post #171 , including the Jewish rule from the Tosefta that says “One may not run on the Sabbath to the point of exhaustion, but one may stroll leisurely throughout the day without hesitation

including the rabbinic
interpretion of Exo 18:30 “And thou shalt make them know the path they are to walk in and the work they are to do.” As meaning that the work they are to do are acts of saintliness which are “beyond the measure of the law. (R. Elazar)


ONE MAY TRAVEL ON THE SABBATH
Post #189
Clear confronted dybmh with a list of different sorts of work in post #171 , including the Jewish rule from the Tosefta that says “One may not run on the Sabbath to the point of exhaustion, but one may stroll leisurely throughout the day without hesitation

including
the rabbinic interpretion of Exo 18:30 “And thou shalt make them know the path they are to walk in and the work they are to do.” As meaning that the work they are to do are acts of saintliness which are “beyond the measure of the law”. (R. Elazar)
dybmh concludes that certain work CAN be done.


DYBMH also discards the "problem" about traveling.
Ok, I'm happy to discard the problem about Traveling.


DYBMH now agrees work may be done, but "not for our own glory"
Yes, but not for our own self glorification...

After discussing the fact that since the Glory of God and accomplishing the atonement which God sent the Messiah to accomplish always underlied the Messiahs desires, the misapplication of this criticism to the Messiah is put to rest. And we moved on to dybmhs 2nd criticism of the Jewish Messiah.

REGARDING DYBMHs #2 CRITICISM OF THE MESSIAH
Desecration of Shabbos, not delighting in it.

If he is always doing the work of God, then there is no difference between weekday and The Day of Rest. That is erasing Shabbos.

In Post #198 Clear pointed out the seemingly desperate nature of this criticism, pointing out that that honoring God every single minute of every day does in no way “erases the Sabbath.”

Instead, it brings the elevating nature of Sabbath worship into the life and habits of the person who commits to God completely.


VALUING MAN MADE TRADITIONS ABOVE AUTHENTIC, TRUE TORAH AND PROPER APPLICATION OF GODS LAWS

It was pointed out that readers may see inside such misdirected criticisms, an underlying motive to find a fault in anything one can in order to justify rejecting the Jewish Messiah and keep ones’ man made traditions instead. If this is correct, then what one is seeing is one method by which the man-made traditions and interpretations of the Pharisees and Rabbis were valued beyond and above the actual Torah. Indeed, this was intent of the rule of the Pharisees that said : It is more culpable to teach contrary to the precepts of the scribes, than contrary to the Thorah itself.” (Sanhedrin xi.3a)

To the Jews who recognized the Messiah understood that he did not come to destroy authentic and true Torah, but to show them how to live by authentic and true Torah. The Messiah told them as much in Matthew 5:17, “Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.”

Still, in view of the Sanhedrin rule that placed the precepts of the scribes above that of the Laws of God, one could expect that the pharisees and rabbis would come up with any excuse to avoid admitting the message God had sent the Messiah to teach the authentic Torah and help rid them of their traditions and religious posturings which had been applied to Torah instead.

This criticism that the messiahs principle of ALWAYS doing the work of God is “erasing Shabbos” reminds me of the ancient religious posturing against the messiah. It is an attempt to find fault where there is none. In Religious conviction, all may honor God every single minute of every single day without any fear of "erasing" the Sabbath.


THE "SILLINESS" OF MAN MADE TRADITIONS COMPARED TO AUTHENTIC MORAL LAWS FROM GOD
However, there does not appear to be any common ground between us when it relates to Halacha. You deem it silly, it's perfectly natural to feel that way. I have no reason to try to convince you otherwise.

Yes they are silly in a lot of ways, but that doesn't change whether or not they are sins. If "silly" is the benchmark, then you win, it's silly.

I very much agree that many of the man made traditions that the early Jews had adopted were very silly. The dictionary definition of “Silly” means “having or showing a lack of common sense or judgment; absurd and foolish.” The fact that these man made religious traditions show a lack of common sense, lack of judgment, are absurd and foolish does NOT make non-observance of them “sins”. That is yet another silly claim.

In religion, GOD is the one who makes laws which, when disobeyed, are "sins". Man often make poor laws, such as the laws in Germany in the 1940s that made it unlawful not to turn in a Jew. Disobeying that law was NOT a sin. One would HOPE that people would have disobeyed that specific law.

Man made laws and traditions are not the same as a Moral law that originates from God.
The fact that you can so easily conflate the two is strange and difficult to understand.

Having seen that your first two criticisms of the Messiah were meritless, do you see any point going on with your other five mischaracterizations?

Your criticism #3 of the Messiah was :
Desecration of G-d, arguing about halacha in public with Judges.

Regarding your concern that you might have offended me, please be at peace on this. You have not offended me.


Clear
τωφυνεσιω
 
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Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
One more study on the text - there are a lot of studies I must note, given that this text has received much analysis in the scholarship - this one recent (2018) from three academics: Ariel Feldman, Alexey (Eliyahu) Yuditsky and Esther Haber:

upload_2020-6-21_20-27-13.png


upload_2020-6-21_20-24-3.png


upload_2020-6-21_20-24-27.png


upload_2020-6-21_20-25-21.png

upload_2020-6-21_20-25-51.png
 

dybmh

ויהי מבדיל בין מים למים
@Vouthon, another keyword in this is Ratzon. Wasn't that being translated as grace/favor in the quote below?

(the "year of the grace/favour of Melchizedek")

That's not how it would be understood in this context. Grace/favor takes on a positive valence, but Ratzon is beyond that. I mentioned it earlier in the thread.

Also the words in Hebrew for Year and Favor are buzzwords, they have dual meanings.

Ratzon is binary, on/off.

Grace/Favor would be Rachamim most likely and operates on a continuum.
 
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Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
There's also an article written by Chanan Ariel of Tel Aviv University (2017), which is entirely in Hebrew, discussing (as its last section) "a new reading by Alexey Yuditsky and Esther Haber in the Melchizedek Pesher (11Q13)" and may be of interest to you guys @dybmh @Harel13:


The final section deals with a new reading by Alexey Yuditsky and Esther Haber in the Melchizedek Pesher (11Q13). This reading sheds new light on the portrayal of Belial. Belial is described as one who “pushes away” (מדיח) the righteous from the ways of the Torah. After this, Belial acts as a creditor, collecting the debts accrued due to their sins. These debts are redeemed by banishing (מדיח) them from the inheritance of Melchizedek and the lot of light, and into the lot of darkness, as Belial’s prisoners (שבויים).

Chanan Ariel, “Semantic and Exegetical Observations on Metaphors for Sin in the Dead Sea Scrolls”, Meghillot 13 (2017), pp. 3-25 (Hebrew) || חנן אריאל, "מתמוטטים, כושלים, נידחים ושבויים: עיוני סמנטיקה ופרשנות במגילות קומראן", מגילות יג

They also argued for something rather interesting (to me as a Catholic, anyway, that is) as noted in 2016 in Haaretz:


Digital Dead Sea Scrolls Reveal New Biblical Insights


Yuditsky and fellow researcher Dr. Esther Haber deciphered an apocalyptic text that depicts a mythical hero, Melchizedek, triumphing over an enemy, Belial, by freeing “captives.” Researcher Chanan Ariel argues that these captives were forgiven of their sins because of the sabbatical—or shmita—year, thus suggesting that monetary debt could replace sin. This view is similar to the medieval Catholic Church and its use of pardons—and antithetical to Judaism—but the researchers do not know if the practice as recorded on the scroll was the inspiration for the Catholic Church.

I have never seen anyone else argue for this on the basis of the text.
 
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dybmh

ויהי מבדיל בין מים למים
Have you read the Testament of the Twelve Prophets Patriarchs. This ^^ is described eloquently and in human terms in the Testament of Dan ( if I recall ).

Edit: The title is The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, not Prophets.
 
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Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
Hi @Vouthon. I'm with @dybmh on "Ratzon". A better translation would be "will", because will can be both good, bad or in-between.

Do you guys have any hunch as to why all the translations appear to have some variation of "favour/grace"? I've also not read any article that flags this rendering up specifically as an issue. They all just seem to accept it :shrug:

I tried to look for someone who had mentioned the issue and couldn't find it anywhere in English. And given that there's abundant literature on this text, that surprised me.

Not that I doubt your and @dybmh's translation, I just find it curious that this doesn't seem to have been picked up before.

If there's anything written by a scholar in Hebrew about it, I would love to know if either one of you gets a chance to look!

Also, what do you reckon the "the year of the will of Melchizedek" would mean exactly in context? I guess, referring to his judgment?
 
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Harel13

Am Yisrael Chai
Staff member
Premium Member
Do you guys have any hunch as to why all the translations appear to have some variation of "favour/grace"?
Scholarly bias they might have connected the year of ratzon here to the Hebrew term "Et Ratzon" which is both famously related to the High Holidays/Day(s) of Atonement and means, in that context, "time of goodwill/favor". Why pleasure though, I'm not sure.
Also, what do you reckon the "the year of the will of Melchizedek"
That's the big question, isn't it? Is Malkitzedek superceding God or not? If God is the ultimate entity, then I think a more correct translation would be what I suggested previously which is "the end of the year of the will to Malkitzedek (and his armies etc)". If Malkitzedek is the ultimate entity, then I suppose it's what you suggest:
I guess, referring to his judgment?
 

dybmh

ויהי מבדיל בין מים למים
Hi @Vouthon. I'm with @dybmh on "Ratzon". A better translation would be "will", because will can be both good, bad or in-between.
Even more so it's *not* pleasure, "Tainug" (sp?)
Do you guys have any hunch as to why all the translations appear to have some variation of "favour/grace"? I've also not read any article that flags this rendering up specifically as an issue. They all just seem to accept it
It's a big question. But this is one of the ways you can tell if a translation has been influenced by believers in Christ at some point in the chain of transmission.

Grace is a keyword in for people who like the NT. But not in Torah. Chanun... Search the Tanach to see how often it comes up and where to give you an idea. only 11 times:

Strong's Hebrew: 2586. חָנוּן (Chanun) -- "favored,"

Not that I doubt your and @dybmh's translation, I just find it curious that this doesn't seem to have been picked up before.
It's all about context and details. Note: Ratzon is not, by definition "pleasure" and is not by definition "Grace" ... but someone wants "The Will of G-d" to be "Grace", it's a false equivalence of the same pattern as "The King of Righteousness = the four letter name" or "The Throne of Glory is the ultimate tippy-top of the chain" or even that "G-d is Love". All of these are incomplete. G-d is Love,m but not only love. The Throne of Glory is up there, but it's also known as the foot-stool of G-d, so it's not really the top. And certainly Grace is The Will of G-d, but, Grace is not the *only* Will of G-d.

Ratzon is best defined as will, ask anyone who knows. But even then, it's a deep deep concept and needs a lot of context and perspective. Ratzon needs to understood both as a finite being and approaching the infinite, and that takes practice.

If there's anything written by a scholar in Hebrew about it, I would love to know if either one of you gets a chance to look!

If you can phrase this in the form of a specific question I can see what I can find. But, Ratzon is an advanced topic. And the discussion in any text is going to require understanding of other advanced topics.
Also, what do you reckon the "the year of the will of Melchizedek" would mean exactly in context? I guess, referring to his judgment?
The text seems to be describing a legend of what happens in Jubilee when the souls of Gehenom are freed by The Righteous King and his army. . The souls are sinners, and they are receiving their punishments from primordial wrath ( b-lial ). A colorful creative writing exercise. I'm reading it as a "what if?" story.
 
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Vouthon

Dominus Deus tuus ignis consumens est
Premium Member
@Harel13 and @dybmh the only other translation variant that seems to crop up is: "the acceptable year of Melchizedek"

Certainly, I can't find any scholar rendering ratzon as "will" in this instance or indeed explaining why they 'favour' (pun intended :p) the consensus reading of "favour/grace/acceptable" rather than "will". (Which is unfortunate!)

Also, the consensus amongst the scholars seems to be that the text is alluding to Isaiah 61 given the references to "liberty of the captives", "favour" (as they read it), "vengeance" and "comfort the afflicted" (i.e. "to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all who mourn").

From the text:

19 good who announ[ces salvation] is the one about whom it is written that […]

20 « To comfo[rt] the [afflicted

Other translations complete these references with the missing scriptural citation:

The Dead Sea Scrolls: Coming of Melchizedek

The "messenger who brings good news, who announces Salvation" is the one of whom it is written; "to proclaim the year of the LORD`s favor, the day of the vengeance of our God; to comfort all who mourn" (Isa. 61;2)​
 
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metis

aged ecumenical anthropologist
My own opinion on the matter has developed over time.
Ditto.

Its such a contentious topic and has resulted in endless debate (even during the Apostolic era itself, apparently)
Exactly, as you see Jesus and the Twelve being barraged with questions about the Law, which wouldn't have been the case if they fully observed the letter of the Law. Their take was very controversial, needless to say, and I'll explain why I think this was being done after this post.

If there was such a 'smoking gun', I think it might have been an 'explosive' saying attested independently by Mark, Luke and Paul in his letter to the Romans.

In Mark 7:14, 18-23 Jesus says, “There is nothing outside a person that by going in can defile, but the things that come out are what defile...Nothing that enters a man from the outside can defile him, because it does not enter his heart, but it goes into the stomach and then is eliminated....What comes out of a man, that is what defiles him. For from within the hearts of men come evil thoughts...All these evils come from within, and these are what defile a man".
Again, exactly, imo.

21 St Paul’s Attitude to the Law — In view of the false accusations against him St Paul was bold indeed to come to Jerusalem....

As long as Jewish Christians acknowledged that salvation came through faith in Christ, he had never forbidden them to observe the Law. It became for them something in the nature of a work of supererogation...
Paul recognized that two camps that existed, the "Torah-observant" Jewish one, and then there was the Gentile & the not-so-observant Jewish camp. With the former, he tells them that it's quite acceptable to continue on with their observance but to always keep in mind that Jesus was above the Law and was the gift of their salvation, thus not the Law itself. With the latter group, the importance for them was what's called the "law of love"-- "Love one another as I have loved you", which he believed was the purpose of the Law (all 613 of them as counted by the RAMBAM centuries later) to begin with.

But what to do with intermarriage? the "agape meal"? circumcision? How can there be "one body" with two groups operating under two different sets of rules? IOW, Paul saw a serious problem, and he reacted to that with his solution: belief in Jesus is above the Law, therefore there is no need to abide by the letter of the Law, with the exceptions of those that Jesus mentioned that needed to be followed precisely.

And thank you, I've had a nice birthday!!!
Great!

[continued next post]
 

metis

aged ecumenical anthropologist
[continued-- but I got company coming over shortly so I have to be VERY brief]

Where I believe Jesus was coming from goes like this:
Before him, the purpose of the Law that includes the "letter of the Law" was needed because we all need to be told what to do to be both correct and moral. It's like with little kids that you have to tell how to clean their room, such as "Put that toy here, and that one over there, and ...". However, once the kids are older, all you should have to do is to say "Clean up you room!", and they'll obey, right?:rolleyes:

So, imo, what Jesus was saying is "Love God and clean up your act!".

Gotta go.
 

dybmh

ויהי מבדיל בין מים למים
Also, the consensus amongst the scholars seems to be that the text is alluding to Isaiah 61 given the references to "liberty of the captives", "favour" (as they read it), "vengeance" and "comfort the afflicted" (i.e. "to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all who mourn").
The Jubilee is an act of favor, but it is also a matter of *duty* per Torah as a covenant.
 
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