God exists in Three Persons - Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The Father is not the Son and vice versa and so on. That is why He referred to the Father apart from Himself, because they're not the same Person. However, they are all God and all share the same Divine Essence.
When it comes to Him not knowing when the end will come, He said that the Father only knows that. When He said that, He was answering from His human nature. Jesus has two natures - Divine and human, and He is fully Divine and fully human. When He answered that question, He answered from His human nature because humans are not meant to know when it will happen while further driving home the point that such things are to left in God's hands. As God, of course, He knows all things. The Father, Son and Holy Spirit are all equal in knowledge, power and stature. They just have different roles.
Oh, and the part when the Jews tried to stone Him was when He said "before Abraham was, I AM":
58 Jesus said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I am. 59 So they took up stones to throw at him; but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple. John 8:58-59
He was making an obvious allusion to the Tetragrammaton and His audience realized that.