According to Pinchas Lapide Jesus offered a 'practical strategy', thereby breaking the cycle of violence.
Well put, yes indeed.
@Shad's contention that Jesus is a violent would-be insurrectionist has a long pedigree of successful rebuttals in scholarship, as Professor Brian Pounds has noted in a study out earlier this year: "
the portrait of Jesus as a violent rebel is not well received among present day scholars and is an example of the over-extension of the criterion of crucifiability" (p.114). The reason it is 'not well-received' is that: "
the ubiquitous portrayal of a non-violent Jesus throughout the gospels in combination with more plausible alternative interpretations of sayings supposed to imply violence outweigh the aforementioned one-sided interpretations of these small number of logia" (p.20).
As he writes persuasively at greater length (and this bears close reading):
"Two of Jesus’ sayings containing the term “sword” are metaphorical admonitions concerning the division and opposition that following Jesus entails,635 while another clearly admonishes the use of violence: “Those who take up the sword, will die by the sword” (Matt 26:52).
The prophetic context to which the so-called Triumphal Entry alludes pictures a peaceful messianic figure who rides on a donkey instead of a warhorse and is installed by divine intervention rather than by force of arms.636 The temple action in its gospel contexts functions as a form of economic protest or portent of destruction rather than an armed rebellion. If Jesus had attempted to stage an armed rebellion in the temple, he almost certainly would have been killed there and then by the Temple police and/or Roman cohort stationed in the Antonia Tower.
The sword swipe of the disciple in Gethesemane indicates that broad resistance was not offered at Jesus' arrest, evidenced by the fact that several disciples were not arrested or killed on the spot.638
In addition to these individual contested points, the larger challenge to any hypothesis that Jesus was a violent revolutionary is the lack of any first century sources that unambiguously portray Jesus in a violent manner. There is no question that the overall portrayal of Jesus in the gospels is essentially non-violent.640 Nowhere does Jesus take up a weapon in order to kill, as rebels did. On the contrary, he advocates nonviolence, even in the face of imperial oppression.641 These more plausible interpretations and contexts outweigh the previous set of interpretations used to reconstruct Jesus as a rebel. Moreover, they align with the non-violent representation of Jesus in all other material...
As opposed to these attempts to portray Jesus as a violent rebel, in recent decades a new portrait has
emerged of Jesus as a non-violent anti-imperialist....
Taking Jesus' crucifixion together with isolated details such as the armed resistance at his arrest and gospel sayings that mention “swords” does not warrant sweeping away the overall consistency of the gospel portraits of Jesus as essentially nonviolent. This is a poignant example of the overapplication of Jesus’ crucifixion as a criterion to the point that other highly probable historical evidence is excluded...
We found that the more recent reconstruction of Jesus as a nonviolent anti-imperialist, represented in the works of Richard A. Horsley, is worthy of deeper consideration...His emphasis upon Jesus' economic conflicts has an historically plausible basis and has explanatory value for Jesus' crucifixion because it connects to the shared ruling interest of the Judaean aristocracy and the Roman provincial administration. If Jesus implicitly questioned the right of Roman tribute, denied the validity of an annual temple tax, and publicly critiqued the oppression of wealthy ruling élites, these together fit quite naturally with the gospels’ representation of Jesus’ action in the temple as a form of economic protest." (The Crucifiable Jesus (2019) p.147)
By the 'criterion of crucifiability' what Pounds is saying here is that the
one thing 'armed-rebel-Jesus' proponents do have going for their deeply flawed thesis is that it takes seriously the
crucifiability of Jesus - against which
every model of his life must be weighed and account for. To quote Professor Larry Hurtado, “
Indeed, one criterion that ought to be applied rigorously in modern scholarly proposals about the historical Jesus is what we might call the condition of 'crucifiability': You ought to produce a picture of Jesus that accounts for him being crucified.” (Hurtado, Larry. “Why Was Jesus Crucified?” Slate Magazine April 9, 2009).
Professor Richard Horsley likewise emphasises that Jesus' manner of death demonstrates “
[h]is program of resistance to the imperial order.” Conversely, he views certain other Jesuses to be invalid on the basis of their uncrucifiability:
"It is hard to image, however, that either a visionary or an itinerant teacher would have been sufficiently threatening to the Roman imperial order that he would have been crucified"
In this respect, though, even the minority of scholarly 'armed-Jesus-movement' advocates like Dale Martin would strongly disagree with Shad when he describes Jesus as the "
bum at the bottom of the imperial order". No way - the Romans would not bother crucifying a 'bum'. That's why Jesus ben Ananias was released by the Prefect Albinus, deemed a harmless 'madman'.
The Romans took Jesus far more seriously. As Pounds notes in relation to the very different treatment of the two 'Jesuses':
"Josephus' account of one Jesus son of Ananias: Josephus depicts this Jesus as continuously proclaiming woe on Jerusalem until he is apprehended by Judaean authorities who in turn hand him over to the Roman procurator. Albinus has him severely flogged, but amidst Jesus' unyielding proclamation of woes against Jerusalem, the governor releases him on the grounds of his insanity (mani,an; J.W. 6.305)
Both figures are depicted as pronouncing doom, subsequently apprehended by Judaean authorities, and then handed over to the Roman governor.729 However, it is pertinent to note that despite the similarity that both Jesuses are apprehended at least partially on the basis of a similar offence, one Jesus is let go whilst the other is crucified. It is precisely because of his perceived insanity, not in spite of it, that the former Jesus is released.730"
They perceived Jesus of Nazareth as a genuine threat to the status quo, not some harnless, insane "bum" like Jesus ben Ananias.
Likewise, those Christians and others who try to present a "lovey-dovey" purely religious characterisation of Jesus as someone who got along with everyone and didn't challenge the entrenched inequities and powers-that-be in his society, as well as the imperial - priestly order, completely fails the
crucifiability criterion. Both are implausible in the extreme and evidence a lack of understanding of the rationale behind crucifixion.
As Professor Pounds rightly states:
"Victims of the cross are often depicted as those who participated in seditious or treasonous activities, such as defamation of the emperor, military desertion, or outright rebellion...
Certain crucifixion scenarios can be eliminated as pertaining to Jesus of Nazareth because they defy other probabilities of his historical context. Jesus neither died during the time of a Jewish revolt against Rome nor did he die during the persecution of a religious group, thereby eliminating the possibility that he was captured as a victim of circumstance during those two scenarios.
There is no reasonable evidence that Jesus was engaged in banditry, eliminating that crucifiable offence. In addition, we should note the obvious fact that Jesus was not a slave. This is significant because slaves were more likely than free people to be arbitrarily crucified, as the former were sometimes threatened with crucifixion on the whims of their masters.
We are left with the manageable alternatives that Jesus was either considered a seditionist or a rebel".