John D. Brey
Well-Known Member
Definition of tautology;
Source: Oxford languages.
- the saying of the same thing twice over in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style (e.g. they arrived one after the other in succession ).
- a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words.
plural noun: tautologies- LOGIC
a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form.
Are you using the word "tautology" in one of the above two senses or are you using another definition?
I'm using the second definition: a statement that's true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form. A simple example is the phrase "survival of the fittest," since it's necessarily true that if survival is the quality of being fit, i.e., the "fit" survive, then the statement is necessarily true by the very semantics of the expression.
A tautology is a statement that's true by the way it's stated without the statement having a testable, or refutable, element that's subject to validation or rejection.
The statement that only the fittest survive can't be refuted since survival is proof, within the statement, of fitness, and the only example of the fitness, in the statement, is that the organism survived.
So what if some great thinker said something contrary to the evidence?
Then he would have to provide argumentation or evidence that trumps the old or existing evidence.
The problem with a tautology is that it makes assumptions that may or may not be true, and then states them in a manner that appears to be refutable, logical and undeniable, when in fact, the statement presents its premise in the guise of an undeniable, and thus irrefutable truth (which is thus not subject to refutation or argumentation).
Take for instance the phrase "natural selection." As pointed out in Tautological Oxymorons, this phase is purely tautological since it calls the "selection" it describes "natural," only by the agnostic or atheistic neo-Darwinistic disbelief in a "supernatural" form of selection pressure. But if "natural" selection merely means a form of "selection" that's not from a supernatural selector (say God) then for the agnostic or atheistic neo-Darwinist, all "selection" is natural, so that calling something "natural selection" is as flawed as saying "survival of the fittest." In both cases, the statement can't be denied, refuted, or argued, since the truth of the premise is part and parcel of the tautological semantics its wrapped in.
What does (I assume it is a rather wordy book you are referring to) "Tautological Oxymorons" have to say specifically about evolution as presented by the up to date Theory of evolution (which you seem to lable neo-Darwinism for some odd reason)?
Evolution isn't the issue. And for what it's worth, I happen to believe in evolution.
The issue is, and it's part of the topic of this thread, the fact that if you strip Dawkins and Hawkins of their tautologies, i.e., statements that confuse refutable premises with irrefutable ones, then they can say that evolution takes place, and I would agree, but they can't say (except in undeciphered tautologies) how evolution occurs. In truth they haven't a clue under the sun how it takes place, only that it takes place.
Once a person swallows a tautology like "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest," then it's clear that they're subject to the admittedly difficult to decipher confusion of thought that's based on believing ones premise, and then assuming that that belief is itself proof of the viability of the belief. If you believe there's no supernatural selector (and fwiw that's the criterion of atheism), then all selection is natural, so that calling something "natural" selection (as though it distinguishes from some other viable kind of selection) is a sham.
But if an atheist calls the selection that lead to viable change in evolution "natural" only to distinguish the fact that he's an atheist, and not a theist (i.e., he doesn't believe there's a supernatural selector, or a supernatural selection mechanism), then when he's with only atheists he could call it just "selection."
But that wouldn't work. If someone asked what causes the change in the design of organisms and he said "selection," that would be immediately perceived as a meaningless tautology. But by adding "natural," as in "natural selection," it sounds like he has some refutable, comprehensive, theory, when he's actually using the word "natural" in a tautological manner that seems to suggest of a non-tautological, or comprehensive theory.
John
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