[*]
The theory crosses the line into teleology, a line exemplified by the review written by Larry Moran.
[17] The form of Shapiro's argument has points of resemblance to several creationist arguments to the effect that observed biology cannot be explained by a combination of "random" (undirected) mutation and natural selection. One of the many standard responses to these arguments is that biology can be sufficiently explained without invoking higher causes. Shapiro's view differs significantly from that of creationists, not the least because his higher causes exist only at the level of cellular machinery. However, to a critic unpersuaded of the need for higher causes, it is not persuasive to substitute material higher causes for the supernatural.
[*]
Shapiro does not give a fair reading of the central dogma. Shapiro's reading of the central dogma requires that
only random mutations can be the root of evolutionary change. If this reading is correct, then, ignoring the looseness of such an application of the term "
random", the several mechanisms identified by Shapiro (
e.g.,
epigenetics) do indeed falsify this theory. However, Crick and geneticists in general had long been well aware of the existence of mutagens at the time of the formulation and restatement of the central dogma, and in fact before the discovery of the mechanisms of biological heredity.
[27] A more conservative interpretation, in the words of
Marshall Nirenberg, is simply that "DNA makes RNA makes protein."
[28] Under this reading, proteins would not be expected to modify DNA, but Shapiro provides multiple examples of where this occurs, including
histone modification, mutagenic subclasses of
excision and repair enzymes, extensive regulation of mobile genetic elements, and various classes of RNA regulation, and direct modification of nucleotides via
cytosine methylation and
enzymatic deaminatio