The book takes its name from the Greek
ekklesiastes, a translation of the title by which the central figure refers to himself:
Koheleth, meaning something like "one who convenes or addresses an assembly". According to rabbinic tradition, Ecclesiastes was written by
Solomon in his old age. (An alternative tradition that "
Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote
Isaiah,
Proverbs, the
Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes" probably means simply that the book was edited under Hezekiah.)
Nevertheless, critical scholars have long rejected the idea of a pre-exilic origin. The presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaisms points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE, while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE, when another Jewish writer, Ben Sira, quotes from it. The dispute as to whether Ecclesiastes belongs to the Persian or the Hellenistic periods (i.e., the earlier or later part of this period) revolves around the degree of Hellenization (influence of Greek culture and thought) present in the book. Scholars arguing for a Persian date (c. 450–330 BCE) hold that there is a complete lack of Greek influence; those who argue for a Hellenistic date (c. 330–180 BCE) argue that it shows internal evidence of Greek thought and social setting.
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