Yes it does. There is no other credible possibility, whether we look at the brainwaves of humans or birds or elsewhere. They're the product of the constant biochemical / bioelectrical interactions in working brains. There's nothing magic about them.
Yes it does. It's those biochemical / bioelectrical interactions that constitute thought. Why else are they there, do you say?
That's true. It's part of scientific method to maximize objectivity, but perfection isn't possible. Even the choice of subject, the ordering of priorities, the devising of the experimental regime, involve subjective decisions. But the task being defined, the answer will be as objective as possible, and good enough to put rovers on Mars, vaccines for Covid in your metabolism, the Higgs boson's reality in your physics book, and so on.
Indeed.
Well, you certainly have to be conscious to engage in them personally. But consciousness is simply a particular condition of the working brain, in contrast to unconsciousness, sleep, malfunction, death and so on.
Have you read up on how anesthetics work? Research on the subject got serious in the 1940s, but the important breakthroughs have come in the last ten years.
Yes, I know. For someone so genuinely clever, he can be remarkably dumb.
No, once again I disagree with Penrose. If there were no humans there'd be no numbers. Or maybe crows would still be counting to three intuitively, but essentially there'd be no mathematical concepts. You can't even count anything without your own subjective input, first choosing WHAT to count, and then choosing the FIELD in which to count it ─ how many pigs in that barn, trees in that park, 'e's in this post?
I tried to read him once some years ago, but it's all too silly. too woo.