Shall we go over this issue using various ethical approaches?
The Utilitarian Approach
"To analyze an issue using the utilitarian approach, we first identify the various courses of action available to us. Second, we ask who will be affected by each action and what benefits or harms will be derived from each. And third, we choose the action that will produce the greatest benefits and the least harm. The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number."
The Rights Approach
"...what makes human beings different from mere things is that people have dignity based on their ability to choose freely what they will do with their lives, and they have a fundamental moral right to have these choices respected. People are not objects to be manipulated; it is a violation of human dignity to use people in ways they do not freely choose.
Of course, many different, but related, rights exist besides this basic one. These other rights (an incomplete list below) can be thought of as different aspects of the basic right to be treated as we choose.
- The right to the truth: We have a right to be told the truth and to be informed about matters that significantly affect our choices.
- The right of privacy: We have the right to do, believe, and say whatever we choose in our personal lives so long as we do not violate the rights of others.
- The right not to be injured: We have the right not to be harmed or injured unless we freely and knowingly do something to deserve punishment or we freely and knowingly choose to risk such injuries.
- The right to what is agreed: We have a right to what has been promised by those with whom we have freely entered into a contract or agreement.
In deciding whether an action is moral or immoral using this second approach, then, we must ask, Does the action respect the moral rights of everyone? Actions are wrong to the extent that they violate the rights of individuals; the more serious the violation, the more wrongful the action"
The Fairness or Justice Approach
"The basic moral question in this approach is: How fair is an action? Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it show favoritism and discrimination?
Favoritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination imposes burdens on people who are no different from those on whom burdens are not imposed. Both favoritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong."
The Common-Good Approach
"In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the social policies, social systems, institutions, and environments on which we depend are beneficial to all. Examples of goods common to all include affordable health care, effective public safety, peace among nations, a just legal system, and an unpolluted environment."
The Virtue Approach
"In dealing with an ethical problem using the virtue approach, we might ask, What kind of person should I be? What will promote the development of character within myself and my community?"
Those are the various ethical approaches.
Now, we have to outline the ethical issue and figure out how to make an ethical decision in this case. Let's set up a situation so that we can actually use these approaches and make a choice.
Let's say there is a 30-year old white male who owns a four-year-old, unspayed female Great Dane; this man's sister walks in on him having intercourse with the dog and turns him over to the police. A vet expert concludes that the dog is in good physical health. The man has no prior criminal record. A psychologist reports that aside from his sexual attraction to animals and his extreme anxiety over being separated from his dog (who he sees as his best friend and his lover) the man is mentally healthy. The man claims that he loves his dog, would never harm her, and only sexually interacts with her when she shows signs of sexual desire. The man's family and friend report that the dog seemed overly protective of the man, but was otherwise friendly, happy and was well-cared for from day one. The judge needs to determine if this man is guilty of animal abuse.
Is there an ethical issue at all? Does this man's choice to have sex with a dog be damaging to someone? Certainly. Does this matter involve choosing between a good and a bad option, or two options of seemingly equal better/worse-ness? Yes. Is this issue more about legality, or is it about efficiency? Legality and morality. Okay then, so we have an ethical problem.
What facts do we have that are relevant? The man was in his own home. The dog was of a sexually mature age, a large size and unspayed. The dog is happy and healthy, and shows attachment to the man. The man is deeply distressed by his separation from his dog and the legal proceedings, but is otherwise psychologically sound. What facts are not known? We don't know if the man is telling the truth about the circumstances of the intercourse. Is there a way we can learn more about the situation? The police could search the home for obvious restraints, or see if there are blood tests to prove if the dog has ever been drugged. We could consult an animal behaviorist and an expert on animal sexual behavior to see if it is possible for dogs to give signs of sexual desire. Do we know enough to make a decision? I would say yes.
What individuals have an important stake in the outcome? The man, obviously. The dog, too, since animal shelters tend to put animals to sleep in cases like this. To some degree, the friends and family of the man, as they will be affected if the man goes to jail. Are some concerns more important? Yes. The concerns of the man are the most important here, as his life is the one being severely impacted by the choices he made and the choices being made by the people judging him.
What are the options for acting? They could put the man in jail and rehome the dog. They could put the man in jail and put the dog to sleep. They could let the man free on probation but take the dog and rehome her. They could let the man free on probation but take the dog and put her to sleep. They could release the man and the dog, and order vet checks to make sure the dog is safe. They could release the man and the dog, and order the man not get any other animals within a certain size and type. They could release the man and dog, and leave it at that.
Using the Utilitarian approach, which option would produce the most good and the least harm? The dog seems healthy and happy; the man seems to love his dog. To jail the man and destroy his dog would be the most harmful thing to do. The best option I could see would be to release both man and dog, but to order that the dog is seen by the vet to make sure the dog remains in good condition.
Using the rights approach, which option best respects the rights of the people involved? I think letting the man and the dog free with no stipulations would best respect the man's rights, as there has been no proof of harm being done and the man is not violating the rights of anyone else.
Using the justice approach, which option treats people equally? I think in the case presented, letting the man and dog go while ordering vet check would be the better idea. It refraining from discriminating against the man when no harm is being done, but also acknowledging that there are concerns and making sure the dog is healthy.
Using the common goods approach, which option leads people into acting as the sort of person they want to be? Again, letting the man and dog go but ordering vet checks would be a good medium, I think. I myself would say the man and dog should just be left alone, but by adding in the vet checks, I think it encourages responsibility for the health of the animal and gives the message of "we just want to make sure everyone involved is healthy and happy".
Considering all the approaches, what options seems to be the best one? Well, the answer I came up with would be to leave the two be, but to encourage vet checks to make sure that the animal in question is doing okay. If the animal isn't harmed and the human isn't harmed, who does it harm? Who is left unhappy? If no one is harmed, and the people who SHOULD be happy ARE happy, what is the ethical issue? If we can allow a person to express their natural preferences without it causing harm, then why suppress those preferences?
Why not judge the people who DO cause harm and leave the people who DON'T cause harm alone? If a man wants to sleep with his dog, and we can prove that it doesn't harm the dog or the person... why not? My, your or anyone else's being grossed out doesn't matter. The rights of the dog are not being violated, the rights of the human aren't being violated, and the rights of other people are not being violated. To discriminate against and/or judge (jail-wise or no) a man (or woman or anyone else) for doing such a thing when it doesn't cause harm WOULD violate the rights of the parties involved. If the person is happier with an animal than a person (as some zoophiles are) and is not causing harm, then acting against them is harmful to their well-being, is encroaching on their freedom and is unnecessary.