Who did the Canaanites worship?
Their main deities were
El and
Asherah. The early Israelites took Ashera as Yahwehs consort until the 2nd Temple Period. The Canaanites had many other lower divinities.
El may have been worshipped by early Israel and conflated into Yahweh. There are different theories based on the evidence.
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Whereas the Israelites originated as Bronze Age Canaanites, the origin of Yahweh is indeterminate (see
Yahweh §Bronze Age origins). Following the introduction of Yahweh (localized to the
Iron Age kingdoms of
Israel (Samaria) and
Judah), a shift in
theophoric naming occurred in which the original and most ancient biblical
names paying tribute to El (Isra-el, Dani-el, Samu-el, Micha-el etc.) began to be displaced by
names paying tribute to Yahweh.
Mark S. Smith sees the conflation of El and Yahweh as part of the process which he describes as "convergence" in the period of the
Judges and the early monarchy. Convergence saw the coalescence of the qualities of other deities, and even the deities themselves, into Yahweh. (
Mark S. Smith, 2nd edition of The Early History of Israel, pp. 6-13) Thus El became identified as a name of Yahweh, while Asherah ceased to be a distinct goddess. And the attributes of El, Asherah and Baal (notably, for Baal, his identification as a storm-god) were assimilated into Yahweh.
An early version of Deuteronomy seems to place El as the head of the pantheon where Yahweh was given Israel. Later versions changed this. Some sources say Yahweh was Canaan first but I don't think this is supported by solid evidence
"Although the biblical narratives depict Yahweh as the sole creator god, lord of the universe, and god of the Israelites especially, initially he seems to have been Canaanite in origin and subordinate to the supreme god El. Canaanite inscriptions mention a lesser god Yahweh and even the biblical Book of Deuteronomy stipulates that “the Most High, El, gave to the nations their inheritance” and that “Yahweh's portion is his people, Jacob and his allotted heritage” (32:8-9). A passage like this reflects the early beliefs of the Canaanites and Israelites in polytheism or, more accurately, henotheism (the belief in many gods with a focus on a single supreme deity). The claim that Israel always only acknowledged one god is a later belief cast back on the early days of Israel's development in Canaan."
Yahweh
William Dever seems to think so:
"
Canaanite religion syncretized elements from neighboring cultures, largely from
Mesopotamian religious traditions.
[117] Using Canaanite religion as a base was natural due to the fact that the Canaanite culture inhabited the same region prior to the emergence of Israelite culture.
[118] Israelite religion was no exception, as during the transitional period, Yahweh and
El were syncretized in the Israelite pantheon.
[118] El already occupied a reasonably important place in the Israelite religion, after all, even the name "Israel" is based on the name El, rather than Yahweh.
[119][120][121] It was this initial harmonization of Israelite and Canaanite religious thought that lead to Yahweh gradually absorbing several characteristics from Canaanite deities, in turn strengthening his own position as an all-powerful "One." Even still, monotheism in the region of ancient Israel and Judah did not take hold overnight, and during the intermediate stages most people are believed to have remained henotheistic.
[117]
- Meek, Theophile James (1942). "Monotheism and the Religion of Israel". Journal of Biblical Literature. 61 (1): 21–43. doi:10.2307/3262264. JSTOR 3262264.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Dever, William (1987). "Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Middle Bronze Age: The Zenith of the Urban Canaanite Era". The Biblical Archaeologist. 50 (3): 149–