Science isn’t merely a conjecture.
A scientific theory is well-substantiated models of explanations and predictions. and the only way for a model to be “well-substantiated“, is by testing each models (individually), and such tests must include observations of the evidence or experiments, plus the data (examples of data -quantities, measurements, physical properties such as their compositions (WHAT they made of) and the mechanisms (HOW they work), etc).
Explanations without testable data, evidence or experiments, might well be conjectures.
You might consider hypothesis to be conjecture, until the hypothesis has been tested and verified as being “probable”. But hypothesis don’t become automatically accepted as science, until such hypothesis has been rigorously tested, analysed and verified.
And even then it is only a candidate of being a new “scientific theory“. There may well be another hypothesis (or more) that researching the same thing, but possibly explaining it better, or have more thorough tests.
But a scientific theory have models that been rigorously tested and analysed, as in independently tested by other scientists, then the scientific explanation is no longer merely conjecture.
That‘s not to say science is always right.
Science isn’t omniscient, isnt infallible or inerrant.
Every sciences, are learning processes, people can make mistakes, including scientists, because they themselves are humans. Even if a scientist has evidence that seems to verify his or her hypothesis, could possibly analyse the evidence or data incorrectly. But that’s what Peer Review are there for, to analyse the hypothesis, analyse the evidence and data, to find any error.
As I said, science is learning processes, and the evidence or experiments should provide some information (data) that scientists can learn from. If the scientists have made analysis that were incorrect, then he could either try to fix the hypothesis or ditch the hypothesis.
As a learning process, we can learn just from errors and failures, as much as from successes, and the reason being, is not to repeat the error.
Any person, not just talking about scientists in this paragraph, anyone who makes a mistake or error, should be able to learn from it. That should apply to anyone, including scientists. But if a person cannot learn from his mistakes, then that person is being wilfully ignorant or arrogant, because that person is allowing his or her ego & biases to dictate what they are doing.
Science isn’t about perfect knowledge, as there are no such perfection. Take astronomy for instance, it has a long history, and lot of them are wrong, and even today, there are new discoveries, and therefore new things to learn. Astronomers should learn about the past mistakes, learn from it, and do better.
She (YoursTrue) doesn’t understand that.
But in her post, she provided an example.
In what YoursTrue stated, about medicine that has been available in the US, but banned in Europe (or vice versa), might well be true…
…BUT she didn’t specify which medicine or treatment have been banned; she offered no specifics, no information whatsoever, as to why such medicine has been banned at one place or another. It is just a vague “what if” example, that may or may not be true.
It is a generalised post from YoursTrue.