Once again, no one is arguing that there are changes, but there are limits to the changes.
The total change is the sum of all the changes over time, so the only limit I can think of here is time.
If you don't look at changes over enough time, the sum of the changes will not be very large.
The longer the time period the larger the the sum of changes is possible; no limit.
The example you gave with the dogs, notice that the dog never changed to a different kind of animal. It remained a dog.
Yes, a dog is a creature which is alive today, so the 'dog x' would be a creature that has not evolved yet.
All descendants of dogs which are alive today still remains dogs (though some of them look more like rats
)
The point of that thought experiment was to explain some basics of evolution.
Second, you mentioned Australopithecus, now I for one second don't believe humans evolved from apes. Never will believe in that. BUT, lets say for a second that Australopithecus were humans/humanoids..guess what, that is still making my point for me.
Again you are correct; humans did not evolve from apes.
Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor, and as far as I remember Australopithecus is part of the line which leads to humans, that is, Australopithecus lived after the split between man and ape occurred. But Australopithecus was not human. The changes which occurred between Australopithecus and Human is an example of the 'dog 1' to 'dog x' described above, or perhaps more correctly the changes between 'Hominini 1' to 'Hominini x'.
Where 'Hominini x' is so different from 'Hominini 1' that most people would agree that they are not the same species.
If you insist that Australopithecus is the same species (or perhaps the same kind?) as humans, then the same argument would hold if you go back another few million years from Australopithecus. You would then end up back before the split between man and ape.
You would end up back with the guys who were the ancestors of all the creatures included in the
Homininae subfamily.
And again using the same argument all their offspring would be of the same kind, and so would all their current living descendants, that includes all humans, gorillas and chimpanzees.
I kind of like chimpanzees, especially bonobos, so I don't mind adding those guys to the family. After all we share at least 98% of our dna, but I would not claim that we are of the same species.
So here you have an example of 'Homininae 1' evolving over millions of years into humans, gorillas and chimpanzees, all of which are different species.
There are limitations in the change. This is completely different than saying the Australopithecus evolved in to a bear, which is a concept that the evolutionists have to embrace, since we "all share a common ancestor".
See, this is where you display your ignorance if evolution.
Australopithecus did not evolve in to a ape, not did it evolve in to a bear.
I don't know how many millions of years you have to go back to find a common ancestor of Humans and bears, but you would have to go a lot further back than Australopithecus.