@izzy88 In my opinion, Abrahamic religions already believe in a kind of alien species ... "
angelic life": that is, disembodied spirits characterised by intelligent agency in the absence of organic bodies. If you believe in the existence of these 'angelic beings' that purportedly aren't homo sapiens nor even entities evolved from organic life on earth, then you already admit the existence of '
extra-terrestrials' and ones, moreover, of a far higher degree of complex intelligence than human beings:
Catechism of the Catholic Church - Heaven and Earth
I. THE ANGELS
The existence of angels - a truth of faith
328 The existence of the spiritual, non-corporeal beings that Sacred Scripture usually calls "angels" is a truth of faith. The witness of Scripture is as clear as the unanimity of Tradition.
330 As purely spiritual creatures angels have intelligence and will: they are personal and immortal creatures, surpassing in perfection all visible creatures, as the splendor of their glory bears witness.190
These hypothesised beings are not human, they are not terrestrial and they are not carbon - or more generally - chemical-based life. They are, in other words,
aliens and importantly deemed to be (by those who believe in them) of a vastly superior intelligence to members of the human race.
But if we are talking about 'organic' lifeforms like ourselves - whether carbon or silicon-based or from some other chemical compound, if 'angels' allegedly exist then why not similarly intelligent organic beings elsewhere in the cosmos? There is nothing in the faith which denies this possibility, though it may not in fact be the case.
In the 15th century, Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (then the Vicar-General of the Papal States) engaged in an exercise of proto-astrobiology - speculation concerning alien life on other, hypothesised, planetary bodies. He surmised that any intelligent beings on these "
exo-worlds" would reflect the "
elemental composition of those planets" and likely be of a somewhat - or even radically - different physiognomy or biochemistry to lifeforms on Earth:
Nicholas of Cusa on ET life and earth's motion ~ Irtiqa
I am co-teaching Astrobiology this semester. Last week we looked at the idea of extraterrestrial life from antiquity through the Scientific revolution. One of the figures that stood out for me was Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) - a fifteenth century German philosopher, theologian and mathematician. In fact, not only did he talk about extraterrestrial inhabitants, he also took motion of the Earth for granted - a 100 years before Copernicus's book on heliocentrism. Sure enough, Nicholas of Cusa was not basing his ideas on any observations or on a cosmological system, but still, it is fascinating that he wrote this in his book, Of Learned Ignorance (as quoted in Crowe's The Extraterrestrial Life Debate):
And here is Nicholas of Cusa on extraterrestrial life:
Nor can place furnish an argument for the earth's baseness. Life, as it exists here on earth in the form of men, animals and plants, is to be found, let us suppose, in a higher form in the solar and stellar regions. Rather than think that so many stars and parts of the heavens are uninhabited and that this earth of ours alone is peopled- and that with beings, perhaps, of an inferior type-we will suppose that in every region there are inhabitants, differing in nature by rank and all owing their origin to God, who is the centre and circumference of all stellar regions...
For since that whole region is unknown to us, its inhabitants remain wholly unknown. To go no further than this earth:-animals of a given species unite to form a common home of the species and share the common characteristics of their habitat, knowing nothing of or caring nothing for strangers. Their idea of strangers, even if it reaches some kind of vocal expression, is wholly exterior and conjectural and, such as it is, conceivable only after lengthy experience. Of the inhabitants then of worlds other than our own we can know still less, having no standards by which to appraise them.
See:
When Did Humans First Consider the Possibility of Alien Life?
While Aristotle’s influence remained strong no—one took up the idea seriously—by the 15th century, this was changing. Nicholas of Cusa adopted the idea with some vigor in a work that was both remarkable and highly influential.
This is not speculation about some other “world” that is effectively a separate cosmos, disconnected from ours in any way, as the Epicureans proposed. This is someone talking about extraterrestrial beings, including other forms of humans, animals, and plants. In other words, what we would call “aliens.”
This was an exciting new idea, and it was not long before Cusa’s medieval theological contemporaries were speculating about its implications. If there were aliens out there, for example, were they redeemed by Christ, or did they not need to be? Or if they did need to be, did an (alien) Christ visit them and die for them on their worlds? The French theologian William Vorilong (ca. 1390 - 1463) gave a few answers on these points:
If it be inquired if men exist on that world and whether they have sinned as Adam sinned, I answer no, for they would not exist in sin and did not spring from Adam. … As to the question whether Christ dying on this earth could redeem the inhabitants of another world, I would answer that he is able to do this even if the worlds were infinite. But it would not be fitting for him to go unto another world that he must die again.
So not only did later medieval scholars speculate about inhabited extraterrestrial worlds, with their own people, wildlife, and plants, but medieval theologians did not seem to have too much trouble accommodating these ideas into their religious conception of man’s place in the cosmos and the redemption of Christ’s death.
Nearly six hundred years later, I think he probably wasn't far off the mark - even though we've yet to find the "
smoking-gun" in terms of definitive evidence for habitable exoplanets (although we have many strong contenders) or indeed a persuasive answer to the "
Fermi Paradox".
I mean, the possibility equally arises in my mind - invoking the
anthropic principle - that we may be the first civilisation to arrive at an interstellar stage of development. Who can tell?
With reference to the probable implications of the discovery of sentient
organic alien life for religious perspectives, though, I guess the first questions from a Christian perspective would be: are these beings 'fallen' like us or do they exist in a sinless state of mind?
Since God incarnated as a human being, Jesus Christ, what does that mean for these 'people' of an extra-earthly origin, alien physiology and (potentially even) biochemistry? Did he incarnate in
their image as well? Are there divine incarnations springing into being all over the Cosmos or was the Christ-event a singular instance? If the latter, does that mean that these alien 'people' - despite being so physiologically distinct from us both in origin and form - are our siblings in Christ?
Can or should they, too, be permitted to receive baptism if they seek it? Or is Christianity - and 'religion' in general - solely for "
human" persons? Does God have another means of salvation for them?
The Catechism explains that, from the Catholic doctrinal point of view: "
God wills the interdependence of creatures. The sun and the moon, the cedar and the little flower, the eagle and the sparrow: the spectacle of their countless diversities and inequalities tells us that no creature is self-sufficient. Creatures exist only in dependence on each other, to complete each other, in the service of each other. There is a solidarity among all creatures arising from the fact that all have the same Creator and are all ordered to his glory" (
#340). This would extend, logically, to any beings living elsewhere in the Universe as well - we are interdependent with them and they with us (should they exist!).