Gaudiyas, tell me of your philosophy, Achintya bheda Abedha. How different is it from other sampradayas?
Thank you terese mataji. I will give you a brief overview of the Acintya Bheda-abheda siddhanta and its relationship with other philosophies. If I wrongly portray the philosophy of another sampradaya, I would kindly request others to correct me, where I have made an error as I have not studied extensively the commentaries of Srila Ramanujacharaya,Madhavacharaya or the other heads.
Okay, so I will begin with the
Kevala-Adwaita vada philospohy of Srila Sankaracharaya. Srila Sankaracharya says that there is no difference between the jiva (soul) and Brahman, and that the jiva is simply Brahman superimposed by Maya. Sankaracharaya's conclusion is that the ultimate truth is impersonal and that by the attainment of brahma-jnana (knowledge about the supreme) the jiva can realise its true nature as Brahman and thus attain Moksha. The Gaudiyas (as well the other Vaishnav sampradayas) disagree with this philosophy for reasons I have given before.
Vaishnav Sampradayas
The
Dvaita-Vada of Sripad Madhvacharya can be seen in some ways as the polar opposite of Sankaracharya, in that it says that the jiva and Brahman are eternally separated entities. Madhavacharya's conclusion is that the ultimate truth is personal and is Sri Hari (Lord Visnu) and His Avatars. This conclusion (of the supremacy of Sri Visnu Tattva) is shared by the Vaishnav Sampradayas.
The V
isista-advaita of Srila Ramanujacharya says the energies of Sri Hari interact within the cosmic manifestation, and each keeps its separate individual existence. Merging in the material or spiritual energies, therefore, does not involve loss of individuality. Although all the energies of the Lord are one (adwaita ), each keeps its individuality (vaisistya). Your flair says you are a Sri Vaishnav, so I am sure you know these things far for than me.
The
Suddha-advaita of Srila Visnu Swami considers that the Jiva is one with Brahman however unlike Sri Sankaracharaya's definition, Visnu Svami says that the Jivas are fragmented parts of the whole Sri Krsna. They also view Maya as a real energy of Krsna and not an illusion. This sampradaya is continued today under the teaching of Srila Vallabhacharya through the teachings of Pusti-Marg.
The
Dvaitadvaita of Srila Nimbarkacharya defines existence as composed of Ishwara (Sri Krsna), Cit (the Jiva) and Acit (Maya). Cit and Acit are both dependent on Iswara, Sri Krsna, who is independent. Cit and Acit however different from Ishwara in that they have different qualities to Him.
Now, the first two of these Sampradayas (Brahma and Sri) consider the absolute truth as Sri Narayan or Maha Visnu who is situated in Sri Vaikuntha alongside His eternal associates such as Sri Laxmi-devi. They worship Him in the mood of aishwarya or "awe and reverence". The latter two however consider the absolute truth as Sri Krsna who exists in Goloka Vrindavana alongside Srimati Radharani. They worship Him in the mood of madhurya or "sweetness". Now please understand that these two conclusions are not contradictory. In terms of pure tattva, all forms of Visnu are equally potent, and it is only when we Gaudiyas look at things in terms of rasa (devotional mellows) that there is a difference (see below). There are also other branches (I don't know whether they are authoritative or not) such as Ramanandis (which is branch of Ramanuja's sampradaya) who worship Lord Ramachandra.
Now coming to the
Acintya-bhedabheda of Srila Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. This philosophy was fully expounded in the Sat Sandarbhas of Srila Jiva Goswami in a very logical manner and can be found
here. The six Goswamis of Vrindavan were Lord Chaitanya's spiritual successors and continued His work, by writing hundreds of books as well as discovering the lost places of Vrindavan:
(
You can see them here sitting so sweetly discussing Hari-Katha )
Now, according to us Gaudiyas, the Jiva is both one and different from the absolute truth Sri Krsna. Just like sparks coming from a fire, or the rays of the sun can be called qualitatively one, yet quantitatively different for its source; similarly the Jiva is a minute particle of the Marginal energy of Sri Krsna which is infinite and non-different from Him. Srila Jiva Goswami uses the following verse of Srimad Bhagavatam to form the basis of our philosophy:
"
vadanti tat tattva-vidas
tattvaṁ yaj jñānam advayam
brahmeti paramātmeti
bhagavān iti śabdyate"
"Learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this nondual substance
Brahman,
Paramātmā or
Bhagavān" (Srimad Bhagavatam 1.2)
When the Vedas describes absolute truth as "impersonal", this refers to the Brahman or Brahmajyoti. It is from this Brahmajyoti feature (also called the marginal potency) that the souls appear. In light of this, Vedic statements such as "aham-brahmasi" and "tat tvam asi" make sense in that the jiva is manifest from the Brahmajyoti. The second feature of Sri Krsna is called Paramatma (supersoul) and in this feature, the Lord pervades and exists within every atom of material creation, regulating it. Furthermore the Paramatma also manifests within the body, acting as a friend and companion to the Jiva (as proved by the Shvetashvatara Upanisad), giving her (the Jiva) the fruits of her karma. Now, Sri Krsna Himself, when He is situated in his internal potency (swarupa shakti) is called Bhagavan being the source of both the Brahmajyoti and Paramatma. This is put into perceptive by Srila Krsna das Kaviraja Goswami:
"yad advaitaṁ brahmopaniṣadi tad apy asya tanu-bhā
ya ātmāntar-yāmī puruṣa iti so 'syāṁśa-vibhavaḥ
ṣaḍ-aiśvaryaiḥ pūrṇo ya iha bhagavān sa svayam ayaṁ
na caitanyāt krṣṇāj jagati para-tattvaṁ param iha"
"
What the Upaniṣads describe as the impersonal Brahman is but the effulgence of His body, and the Lord known as the Paramatma (supersoul) is but His localized plenary portion (expansion). He, Lord Chaitanya is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kṛṣṇa Himself, full with six opulences. He is the Absolute Truth, and no other truth is greater than or equal to Him"
According to Lord Chaitanya, the Karma-kandhis (fruitful workers) worship the Paramatma feature for Bhukti (or material benefits). The Jnana-kandhis (speculative workers meditate on the Brahman feature for Mukti (liberation from material pains). The highest path however is to surrender to the personal aspect of the Lord as Sri Krsna and the highest attainment in this regard is Krsna Prema (or divine love for Krishna). Only this (Krsna Prema) can constitute the Highest religion, and only this can satisfy the soul. Because the souls is a fragment of the bliss-full Godhead, only Divine Bliss achieved in Bhakti can satisfy it. This is confirmed in Srimad Bhagavatam by Sutadeva Goswami Himself:
"sa vai puṁsāṁ paro dharmo
yato bhaktir adhokṣaje
ahaituky apratihatā
yayātmā suprasīdati"
"The supreme religion [
dharma] for all humanity is that by which men can attain to loving devotional service unto the transcendent Lord. Such devotional service must be unmotivated and uninterrupted to satisfy the soul" (S.B 1.2.6)
The best way to do this is to perform Hari-Nama Sankirtan (this is accepted by all Sampradayas actually) as the Name of Sri Krsna is not different from Sri Krsna Himself, and therefore by the singing, chanting and hearing of His name, pure love (Prema) is awakened in the heart. No other spiritual process can cause the awakening of this Prema otherwise.
Now, I just want to clear up this Krsna vs Visnu dilemma. In terms of Tattva (philosophical consideration), there is no difference in the various incarnations of Lord Visnu. All of them have the same potency as they all established in their Bhagavatattva (or Godliness) . In fact devotees in different moods will always see their form of the Lord as highest. However, in terms of Rasa (devotional mellows) the divine qualities of Godhead are manifest in different degrees in the different avatars of Sri Hari. In the Gaudiya consideration, Madhurya rasa (the Lord as Sri Krsna; situated in sweetness) is superior to Aiswairya rasa (the Lord as Narayan, situated in opulence) and therefore Sri Krsna is superior in terms of rasa vicara. Here acintya bheda-abheda can also be applied, as though Narayan and Sri Krsna are one (abheda) they are also inconceivably different (bheda). Furthermore, Srila Jiva Goswami quotes the verse "Krsna tu bhagavan swayam" as the paribhasa sutra (or the ultimate basis) of Bhagavatam and through that establishes that Sri Krsna is the source of Narayana in accordance with Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
According to us Gaudiyas, Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is the combined form of Radha Krsna themselves and Has descended to teach us these truths.This truths were only made manifest by the order of His brother, Lord Nityananda, whom we Gaudiyas conciser non-different to Balaram. Nitai!