does Judaism have a place in the world, according to Christianity?
That is tantamount to asking if your father has a place in your life because he had something to do with you being here.....
but he actually killed your mother. He was a good person, with a lot to look forward to, but he allowed himself to be corrupted by his own importance.
Jesus' address to the Samaritan women at the well sums it up for me....
John 4:22-24....she said to Jesus....
"Our forefathers worshipped on this mountain, but you people say that in Jerusalem is the place where people must worship.” 21 Jesus said to her: “Believe me, woman, the hour is coming when neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, because salvation begins with the Jews. 23 Nevertheless, the hour is coming, and it is now, when the true worshippers will worship the Father with spirit and truth, for indeed, the Father is looking for ones like these to worship him. 24 God is a Spirit, and those worshipping him must worship with spirit and truth.”
The Jewish nation was founded to produce the promised seed.....the Messiah....a very important role in the big scheme of things.....but according to the Hebrew scriptures, Israel let their God down time and again through disobedience and a failure to honor their God's instructions through his prophets and the commands that would have restored their relationship with God. Only severe punishments led to repentance. There was only one reason to want to keep such a disobedient nation as his own...and that was to honor HIS part of the covenant.....so he kept Israel in existence as his people (repeatedly forgiving them) until that obligation was fulfilled....then, after giving them first option to become 'kings and priests' in his kingdom, he cast them off after their complicity in the death of Jesus. Their behavior as Jesus said was nothing new.....they were serial offenders. (Matthew 23:37-39)
The present nation of Israel is no longer a nation of God's people, but a political entity like all the rest of the war mongers and blood spillers of the world bickering over a piece of dirt. As in the past, she allies herself to nations whose religion she despises.
Jesus' words to the Samaritan woman indicated that geography would no longer have anything to do with where God was going to be worshipped.....no earthly location was going to be the seat of God's Kingdom...and no earthly temple would be necessary to offer up sacrifices to God because the ultimate sacrifice had been made by Jesus and God would bless those of every nation that came to him in love and willing obedience.
The Jewish religion today, I see as stuck in the past, shackled to an outdated law and dedicated 'performers' of man-made laws and rituals that today are meaningless. The new covenant does not require them.
So I see the Jewish faith as a relic really, but they also stand as a warning example of what was to come.....Christendom has imitated her ways and they too have deviated from the simple teachings of Jesus Christ and introduced all manner of confusing man-made doctrines so that no one is quite sure who or what to believe any more.
But I also see no impediment whatsoever to anyone, of any faith coming to God in much the same way as proselytes were accepted into Judaism. They had to leave their former ways of worship behind and come into God's family and abide by his laws. All then were viewed as spiritual "brothers". Which is what Christ promoted.